diff --git a/docs_md/articles/abdominal-wall_e708af38-508f-4404-b7c5-6b8c7d75804f.md b/docs_md/articles/abdominal-wall_e708af38-508f-4404-b7c5-6b8c7d75804f.md
index b9ccba2..3e84c5f 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/abdominal-wall_e708af38-508f-4404-b7c5-6b8c7d75804f.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/abdominal-wall_e708af38-508f-4404-b7c5-6b8c7d75804f.md
@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Additional Images
-
of the deep inferior epigastric artery 
extending into the rectus muscle 
. These perforators are important for breast reconstruction with abdominal wall flaps.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_63063731-ca72-4f92-8aad-c9c914a47988_size_168_quality_85_820c611b_20251018T075950Z.jpg)
-*Longitudinal color Doppler ultrasound shows a perforating branch of the deep inferior epigastric artery extending into the rectus muscle . These perforators are important for breast reconstruction with abdominal wall flaps.*
+
of the deep inferior epigastric artery 
extending into the rectus muscle 
. These perforators are important for breast reconstruction with abdominal wall flaps.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_63063731-ca72-4f92-8aad-c9c914a47988_size_168_quality_85_820c611b_20251018T075950Z.jpg)
+*Longitudinal color Doppler ultrasound shows a perforating branch of the deep inferior epigastric artery extending into the rectus muscle . These perforators are important for breast reconstruction with abdominal wall flaps.*
*Graphic shows the paraspinal muscles and muscles of the back. The latissimus dorsi muscles are not included. The erector spinae have thick tendinous origins from the sacral and iliac crests and the lumbar and 11th-12th thoracic spinous processes. Superiorly, the muscle becomes fleshy, and in the upper lumbar region subdivides to become the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles (from lateral to medial), tapering as they insert into the vertebrae and ribs. The erector muscles flank the spinous processes and span the length of the posterior thorax and abdomen. They are responsible for extension of the vertebral column.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/abnormal-shape-configuration-of-corpus-callosum_238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856.md b/docs_md/articles/abnormal-shape-configuration-of-corpus-callosum_238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856.md
index 4faa1ef..d212ffc 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/abnormal-shape-configuration-of-corpus-callosum_238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/abnormal-shape-configuration-of-corpus-callosum_238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856.md
@@ -200,222 +200,222 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
. The CC will gradually thicken as it myelinates from posterior to anterior. Note that the entire pituitary gland normally shows T1 shortening 
in the 1st few weeks of life.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_770c0ebd-7c6f-4197-a62b-704c6b7d6bb6_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_56dafce6_20251018T142218Z.jpg)
+
. The CC will gradually thicken as it myelinates from posterior to anterior. Note that the entire pituitary gland normally shows T1 shortening 
in the 1st few weeks of life.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_770c0ebd-7c6f-4197-a62b-704c6b7d6bb6_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_56dafce6_20251018T142218Z.jpg)
**Normal Variant**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a normal term neonate shows a thin, unmyelinated corpus callosum (CC) . The CC will gradually thicken as it myelinates from posterior to anterior. Note that the entire pituitary gland normally shows T1 shortening in the 1st few weeks of life.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a normal term neonate shows a thin, unmyelinated corpus callosum (CC) . The CC will gradually thicken as it myelinates from posterior to anterior. Note that the entire pituitary gland normally shows T1 shortening in the 1st few weeks of life.*
-
+
**Normal Variant**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a normal term neonate shows a thin, unmyelinated corpus callosum (CC) . The CC will gradually thicken as it myelinates from posterior to anterior. Note that the entire pituitary gland normally shows T1 shortening in the 1st few weeks of life.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a normal term neonate shows a thin, unmyelinated corpus callosum (CC) . The CC will gradually thicken as it myelinates from posterior to anterior. Note that the entire pituitary gland normally shows T1 shortening in the 1st few weeks of life.*
-
+
**Normal Variant**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 13 year old with headaches shows a normal variant morphology of the CC with relative thinning of the posterior body . This should not be mistaken for a sign of white matter (WM) volume loss.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 13 year old with headaches shows a normal variant morphology of the CC with relative thinning of the posterior body . This should not be mistaken for a sign of white matter (WM) volume loss.*
-
of the expanded ventricular occipital horns, consistent with PVL related to extreme prematurity.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_fdffb43b-acf7-4645-ae14-03f4bc8c461c_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_a9dd954a_20251018T142218Z.jpg)
+
of the expanded ventricular occipital horns, consistent with PVL related to extreme prematurity.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_fdffb43b-acf7-4645-ae14-03f4bc8c461c_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_a9dd954a_20251018T142218Z.jpg)
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 7 year old with a history of prematurity & periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) shows severe WM volume loss with relatively little signal abnormality. Also note the angular margins of the expanded ventricular occipital horns, consistent with PVL related to extreme prematurity.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 7 year old with a history of prematurity & periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) shows severe WM volume loss with relatively little signal abnormality. Also note the angular margins of the expanded ventricular occipital horns, consistent with PVL related to extreme prematurity.*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows marked thinning of the posterior body & splenium of the CC due to WM volume loss. This is the most common area of CC involvement in PVL.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows marked thinning of the posterior body & splenium of the CC due to WM volume loss. This is the most common area of CC involvement in PVL.*
-
+
**Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy**
-*Axial T2 MR in a 9 year old with a history of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) at birth shows extensive gliosis & encephalomalacia causing WM volume & signal abnormality in a watershed distribution . This results in marked CC thinning.*
+*Axial T2 MR in a 9 year old with a history of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) at birth shows extensive gliosis & encephalomalacia causing WM volume & signal abnormality in a watershed distribution . This results in marked CC thinning.*
-
+
**Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows marked thinning of the CC secondary to WM loss as a consequence of the remote HIE injury.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows marked thinning of the CC secondary to WM loss as a consequence of the remote HIE injury.*
-
ventricles as well as thin T2 hypointensity along the brainstem, consistent with hemosiderin deposition.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_a124c2db-747c-4ab8-885e-95a07831790d_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_967e57cd_20251018T142240Z.jpg)
+
ventricles as well as thin T2 hypointensity along the brainstem, consistent with hemosiderin deposition.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_a124c2db-747c-4ab8-885e-95a07831790d_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_967e57cd_20251018T142240Z.jpg)
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Midline sagittal T2 MR in a neonate with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus shows a stretched & thinned CC . Note the enlarged lateral , 3rd , & 4th ventricles as well as thin T2 hypointensity along the brainstem, consistent with hemosiderin deposition.*
+*Midline sagittal T2 MR in a neonate with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus shows a stretched & thinned CC . Note the enlarged lateral , 3rd , & 4th ventricles as well as thin T2 hypointensity along the brainstem, consistent with hemosiderin deposition.*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in the same patient 1 year after shunting shows a thinned & dysmorphic CC as well as numerous thin, pencil-like gyri (stenogyria) .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in the same patient 1 year after shunting shows a thinned & dysmorphic CC as well as numerous thin, pencil-like gyri (stenogyria) .*
-
+
**Corpus Callosotomy**
-*Coronal FLAIR MR shows changes of a left functional hemispherotomy with a WM disconnection & insular decortication . Corpus callosotomy may be performed in isolation or as part of a more extensive functional hemispherotomy, as in this patient.*
+*Coronal FLAIR MR shows changes of a left functional hemispherotomy with a WM disconnection & insular decortication . Corpus callosotomy may be performed in isolation or as part of a more extensive functional hemispherotomy, as in this patient.*
-
+
**Corpus Callosotomy**
-*Coronal T2 MR shows absence of the midline CC with persistent paramidline callosal tissue , consistent with an isolated surgical callosotomy.*
+*Coronal T2 MR shows absence of the midline CC with persistent paramidline callosal tissue , consistent with an isolated surgical callosotomy.*
-
+
**Ventricular Drainage Catheter Tract**
-*Paramidline sagittal T1 MR in a 12 year old with Chiari 2 malformation shows a ventricular shunt catheter tract in the anterior body of the CC. Note the caudal migration of the cerebellum & brainstem , consistent with Chiari 2.*
+*Paramidline sagittal T1 MR in a 12 year old with Chiari 2 malformation shows a ventricular shunt catheter tract in the anterior body of the CC. Note the caudal migration of the cerebellum & brainstem , consistent with Chiari 2.*
-
+
**Endoscopic 3rd Ventriculostomy**
-*Paramidline sagittal T2 MR in a teenager with a history of a prior endoscopic 3rd ventriculostomy shows a linear defect in the parasagittal body of the CC. The defect represents the site of surgical access for the scope to enter the 3rd ventricle.*
+*Paramidline sagittal T2 MR in a teenager with a history of a prior endoscopic 3rd ventriculostomy shows a linear defect in the parasagittal body of the CC. The defect represents the site of surgical access for the scope to enter the 3rd ventricle.*
-
+
**Callosal Agenesis**
-*Coronal T2 MR in a 4 year old with callosal agenesis shows widely spaced upturned lateral ventricular frontal horns , a high-riding 3rd ventricle , & bilateral Probst bundles . Also note the extensive periventricular gray matter (GM) heterotopia .*
+*Coronal T2 MR in a 4 year old with callosal agenesis shows widely spaced upturned lateral ventricular frontal horns , a high-riding 3rd ventricle , & bilateral Probst bundles . Also note the extensive periventricular gray matter (GM) heterotopia .*
-
with no evident rostrum or splenium. Isolated callosal dysgenesis is uncommon. Associated anomalies should be carefully sought.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_5ba333fc-5752-4158-9879-eb9fba5607f7_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_67a96337_20251018T142242Z.jpg)
+
with no evident rostrum or splenium. Isolated callosal dysgenesis is uncommon. Associated anomalies should be carefully sought.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_5ba333fc-5752-4158-9879-eb9fba5607f7_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_67a96337_20251018T142242Z.jpg)
**Callosal Dysgenesis**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 5 month old with isolated callosal dysgenesis shows a very short & thin CC with no evident rostrum or splenium. Isolated callosal dysgenesis is uncommon. Associated anomalies should be carefully sought.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 5 month old with isolated callosal dysgenesis shows a very short & thin CC with no evident rostrum or splenium. Isolated callosal dysgenesis is uncommon. Associated anomalies should be carefully sought.*
-
+
**Callosal Dysgenesis**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 7 year old with multiple anomalies shows a short, thin, & dysmorphic CC with a poorly formed splenium & rostrum .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 7 year old with multiple anomalies shows a short, thin, & dysmorphic CC with a poorly formed splenium & rostrum .*
-
+
**Chiari 2 Malformation**
-*Midline sagittal T2 MR in a child with a repaired myelomeningocele & Chiari 2 malformation (with beaked tectum , small 4th ventricle , & scalloped clivus ) shows a thinned & dysmorphic CC .*
+*Midline sagittal T2 MR in a child with a repaired myelomeningocele & Chiari 2 malformation (with beaked tectum , small 4th ventricle , & scalloped clivus ) shows a thinned & dysmorphic CC .*
-
+
**Glioblastoma**
-*Coronal T2 MR in a 10 year old with glioblastoma shows mass-like infiltrative signal crossing the midline through an expanded CC. Infiltrative high-grade glial neoplasms should be considered whenever such a finding is encountered, as they commonly spread along WM tracts, such as the CC.*
+*Coronal T2 MR in a 10 year old with glioblastoma shows mass-like infiltrative signal crossing the midline through an expanded CC. Infiltrative high-grade glial neoplasms should be considered whenever such a finding is encountered, as they commonly spread along WM tracts, such as the CC.*
-
+
**Lymphoma**
-*Midline sagittal T2 MR shows expansion & increased signal in the rostrum & anterior genu of the CC , consistent with tumor infiltration/edema in this patient with CNS lymphoma.*
+*Midline sagittal T2 MR shows expansion & increased signal in the rostrum & anterior genu of the CC , consistent with tumor infiltration/edema in this patient with CNS lymphoma.*
-
+
**Pericallosal Lipoma**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 4 month old shows a T1-hyperintense lipoma along the dorsal CC with associated absence of the splenium .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 4 month old shows a T1-hyperintense lipoma along the dorsal CC with associated absence of the splenium .*
**Neurofibromatosis Type 1**
*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 15 year old with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) shows diffuse marked thickening of the entire CC, a finding that can be seen in NF1. Look for associated findings of NF1, such as nonenhancing signal abnormalities of the globus pallidus & medial cerebellum, optic pathway gliomas, & plexiform neurofibromas.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Midline sagittal T2 MR shows absence of the CC in a patient with alobar holoprosencephaly. There is continuity of frontal WM & GM across the midline with a large dorsal cyst that communicates with a monoventricle . Note the lack of a vermian primary fissure due to associated rhombencephalosynapsis.*
+*Midline sagittal T2 MR shows absence of the CC in a patient with alobar holoprosencephaly. There is continuity of frontal WM & GM across the midline with a large dorsal cyst that communicates with a monoventricle . Note the lack of a vermian primary fissure due to associated rhombencephalosynapsis.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 2 year old with semilobar holoprosencephaly shows absence of a normal CC & extension of cortical GM across the midline.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a 2 year old with semilobar holoprosencephaly shows absence of a normal CC & extension of cortical GM across the midline.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a teenager with the middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly shows an intact CC anteriorly & posteriorly but abnormal extension of GM across the midline in the expected location of the CC body. The abnormal body of the CC typically "dips" down toward the interthalamic adhesion.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a teenager with the middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly shows an intact CC anteriorly & posteriorly but abnormal extension of GM across the midline in the expected location of the CC body. The abnormal body of the CC typically "dips" down toward the interthalamic adhesion.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient with syntelencephaly shows abnormal GM crossing the midline along the CC WM . Also note the azygous internal carotid artery (ICA) .*
+*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient with syntelencephaly shows abnormal GM crossing the midline along the CC WM . Also note the azygous internal carotid artery (ICA) .*
-
+
**Metachromatic Leukodystrophy**
-*Coronal T2 MR in a 13-year-old female patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy shows symmetric extensive WM signal abnormality with preservation of the subcortical WM . Note the marked thinning of the CC .*
+*Coronal T2 MR in a 13-year-old female patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy shows symmetric extensive WM signal abnormality with preservation of the subcortical WM . Note the marked thinning of the CC .*
-
+
**X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy**
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 14-year-old male patient with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) shows symmetric increased FLAIR signal intensity that crosses the splenium of the CC. This is the most common distribution of signal abnormality in X-linked ALD.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 14-year-old male patient with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) shows symmetric increased FLAIR signal intensity that crosses the splenium of the CC. This is the most common distribution of signal abnormality in X-linked ALD.*
### Additional Images
-
+
**Normal Variant**
-*Midline sagittal 3D SSFP MR with a close-up view of the corpus callosum shows normal "wavy" dorsal surface. Note the focal thinning along the posterior body , a common normal finding.*
+*Midline sagittal 3D SSFP MR with a close-up view of the corpus callosum shows normal "wavy" dorsal surface. Note the focal thinning along the posterior body , a common normal finding.*
-
+
**Normal Variant**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows a normal neonatal corpus callosum , thin due to an age-appropriate lack of myelin. The cingulate gyrus is normal.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows a normal neonatal corpus callosum , thin due to an age-appropriate lack of myelin. The cingulate gyrus is normal.*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows diffuse thinning of the posterior corpus callosum , greater than typically seen. The thinning of the corpus callosum is secondary to loss of commissural fibers, damaged by periventricular leukomalacia.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows diffuse thinning of the posterior corpus callosum , greater than typically seen. The thinning of the corpus callosum is secondary to loss of commissural fibers, damaged by periventricular leukomalacia.*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Axial T2 MR in the same child shows marked loss of the right periventricular parenchyma at the site of a prior grade 4 hemorrhage. The posterior white matter loss correlates with the focal corpus callosum atrophy .*
+*Axial T2 MR in the same child shows marked loss of the right periventricular parenchyma at the site of a prior grade 4 hemorrhage. The posterior white matter loss correlates with the focal corpus callosum atrophy .*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows marked callosal thinning in a child whose hydrocephalus follows unilateral grade 4 intraventricular hemorrhage. Note the more severe callosal volume loss posteriorly .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows marked callosal thinning in a child whose hydrocephalus follows unilateral grade 4 intraventricular hemorrhage. Note the more severe callosal volume loss posteriorly .*
-
+
**Chronic Cerebral Infarction**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows thinning of the body & splenium of the corpus callosum following neonatal parietooccipital ischemia & gliosis from a combination of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy & hypoglycemia.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows thinning of the body & splenium of the corpus callosum following neonatal parietooccipital ischemia & gliosis from a combination of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy & hypoglycemia.*
-
+
**Chronic Cerebral Infarction**
-*Coronal T2 MR shows parietal ulegyria & marked thinning of the posterior corpus callosum .*
+*Coronal T2 MR shows parietal ulegyria & marked thinning of the posterior corpus callosum .*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Midline sagittal T2 MR shows mild stretching & thinning of the corpus callosum due to hydrocephalus. There is obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius by a tectal glioma .*
+*Midline sagittal T2 MR shows mild stretching & thinning of the corpus callosum due to hydrocephalus. There is obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius by a tectal glioma .*
-
+
**Chemotherapy & Radiation Therapy**
-*Coronal FLAIR MR shows thinning & gliosis of the corpus callosum & surrounding white matter following therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).*
+*Coronal FLAIR MR shows thinning & gliosis of the corpus callosum & surrounding white matter following therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).*
-
+
**Postsurgical Defects**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows a focal defect at the junction of the genu & body of the corpus callosum , which had been the site of a prior surgical approach to this child's suprasellar tumor .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows a focal defect at the junction of the genu & body of the corpus callosum , which had been the site of a prior surgical approach to this child's suprasellar tumor .*
-
+
**Corpus Callosotomy**
-*Paramidline sagittal T1 MR in a 7 year old with intractable epilepsy shows near-complete absence of the corpus callosum due to surgical discontinuity.*
+*Paramidline sagittal T1 MR in a 7 year old with intractable epilepsy shows near-complete absence of the corpus callosum due to surgical discontinuity.*
-
+
**Corpus Callosotomy**
-*Midline sagittal T2 MR in an 11 year old with intractable epilepsy who had undergone an isolated corpus callosotomy shows absence of the corpus callosum but presence of a cingulate gyrus . The presence of a cingulate gyrus would not be expected with congenital agenesis of the corpus callosum.*
+*Midline sagittal T2 MR in an 11 year old with intractable epilepsy who had undergone an isolated corpus callosotomy shows absence of the corpus callosum but presence of a cingulate gyrus . The presence of a cingulate gyrus would not be expected with congenital agenesis of the corpus callosum.*
-
+
**Callosal Agenesis**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows complete absence of the corpus callosum with associated absence of the cingulate gyrus. Note the radial arrangement of parasagittal gyri/sulci , which point toward the 3rd ventricle.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows complete absence of the corpus callosum with associated absence of the cingulate gyrus. Note the radial arrangement of parasagittal gyri/sulci , which point toward the 3rd ventricle.*
-
+
**Callosal Agenesis**
-*Axial T1 MR in a patient with callosal agenesis shows parallel lateral ventricles with colpocephaly , resulting in a typical tear-drop shape.*
+*Axial T1 MR in a patient with callosal agenesis shows parallel lateral ventricles with colpocephaly , resulting in a typical tear-drop shape.*
-
+
**Primary Callosal Dysgenesis**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows only a residual genu of the corpus callosum with absence of the body & splenium as well as truncation of the rostrum.*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows only a residual genu of the corpus callosum with absence of the body & splenium as well as truncation of the rostrum.*
-
+
**Primary Callosal Dysgenesis**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a child with severe microcephaly shows a short, thick corpus callosum .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR in a child with severe microcephaly shows a short, thick corpus callosum .*
-
+
**Chiari 2 Malformation**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows an abnormal corpus callosum with an absent rostrum, small deformed genu, thick body , & absent splenium in this child with a Chiari 2 malformation due to a myelomeningocele. Note the prominent massa intermedia , inferiorly beaked tectum , & caudally displaced elongated 4th ventricle with flattening of the fastigium .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows an abnormal corpus callosum with an absent rostrum, small deformed genu, thick body , & absent splenium in this child with a Chiari 2 malformation due to a myelomeningocele. Note the prominent massa intermedia , inferiorly beaked tectum , & caudally displaced elongated 4th ventricle with flattening of the fastigium .*
-
+
**Chiari 2 Malformation**
-*Axial T2 MR shows a prominent massa intermedia & colpocephalic lateral ventricles with periventricular white matter deficiency in Chiari 2. The genu of the corpus callosum, usually seen on axial images, is absent.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows a prominent massa intermedia & colpocephalic lateral ventricles with periventricular white matter deficiency in Chiari 2. The genu of the corpus callosum, usually seen on axial images, is absent.*
-
+
**Chiari 2 Malformation**
-*Midline sagittal T2 MR in a 15 month old with Chiari 2 malformation shows a severely thinned & dysmorphic corpus callosum . Note the typical Chiari 2 features, including a small posterior fossa with caudal herniation of the brainstem & cerebellum, clival scalloping , elongated 4th ventricle , & beaked tectum .*
+*Midline sagittal T2 MR in a 15 month old with Chiari 2 malformation shows a severely thinned & dysmorphic corpus callosum . Note the typical Chiari 2 features, including a small posterior fossa with caudal herniation of the brainstem & cerebellum, clival scalloping , elongated 4th ventricle , & beaked tectum .*
-
+
**Glioblastoma**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a classic "butterfly" glioblastoma multiforme of the corpus callosum . Central necrosis with an irregular rind of enhancing tumor is typical.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a classic "butterfly" glioblastoma multiforme of the corpus callosum . Central necrosis with an irregular rind of enhancing tumor is typical.*
-
+
**Lymphoma**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows a primary CNS lymphoma involving the splenium of the corpus callosum. There is avid, solid enhancement of the tumor with extension into the adjacent parenchymal white matter.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows a primary CNS lymphoma involving the splenium of the corpus callosum. There is avid, solid enhancement of the tumor with extension into the adjacent parenchymal white matter.*
-
+
**Lymphoma**
-*Coronal oblique T1 C+ MR in an 11 year old with CNS lymphoma shows bifrontal areas of enhancement , which corresponded to hyperdense areas on CT (not shown). Note the abnormally thickened corpus callosum that is infiltrated by a nonenhancing tumor.*
+*Coronal oblique T1 C+ MR in an 11 year old with CNS lymphoma shows bifrontal areas of enhancement , which corresponded to hyperdense areas on CT (not shown). Note the abnormally thickened corpus callosum that is infiltrated by a nonenhancing tumor.*
-
+
**Pericallosal Lipoma**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows a large pericallosal lipoma with severe dysgenesis of the corpus callosum .*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows a large pericallosal lipoma with severe dysgenesis of the corpus callosum .*
-
+
**Pericallosal Lipoma**
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large midline lipoma. Two smaller lipomatous masses protrude into the lateral ventricles.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large midline lipoma. Two smaller lipomatous masses protrude into the lateral ventricles.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Axial T1 MR in a patient with holoprosencephaly shows the lack of a midline fissure. White matter is in continuity across the midline. The small basal ganglia approximate each other. Note the monoventricle communicating with a dorsal cyst .*
+*Axial T1 MR in a patient with holoprosencephaly shows the lack of a midline fissure. White matter is in continuity across the midline. The small basal ganglia approximate each other. Note the monoventricle communicating with a dorsal cyst .*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows both white & gray matter crossing midline anterior & posterior to the "dip" in the corpus callosum, where only gray matter traverses. This is a middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly (syntelencephaly).*
+*Midline sagittal T1 MR shows both white & gray matter crossing midline anterior & posterior to the "dip" in the corpus callosum, where only gray matter traverses. This is a middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly (syntelencephaly).*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Axial T1 MR in the same patient shows gray & white matter traversing the midline in the expected location of the splenium. Gray matter also protrudes into the ventricular system. The septum pellucidum is absent.*
+*Axial T1 MR in the same patient shows gray & white matter traversing the midline in the expected location of the splenium. Gray matter also protrudes into the ventricular system. The septum pellucidum is absent.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/adem-brain_ed94b660-cf20-4ebb-8d6f-2b93505f2928.md b/docs_md/articles/adem-brain_ed94b660-cf20-4ebb-8d6f-2b93505f2928.md
index e4bc2ec..1b14480 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/adem-brain_ed94b660-cf20-4ebb-8d6f-2b93505f2928.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/adem-brain_ed94b660-cf20-4ebb-8d6f-2b93505f2928.md
@@ -452,8 +452,8 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows marked, irregular enhancement of nearly all lesions. As ADEM is a monophasic illness, enhancement of most lesions is typical; all lesions have a similar time course. Enhancement of multiple sclerosis lesions is more variable.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 5-year-old with ADEM following an EBV infection demonstrates more subtle findings with abnormal hyperintensity in the left basal ganglia and right parietal cortex/subcortical white matter .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 5-year-old with ADEM following an EBV infection demonstrates more subtle findings with abnormal hyperintensity in the left basal ganglia and right parietal cortex/subcortical white matter .*
*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient reveals no abnormal lesional contrast enhancement.*
@@ -464,17 +464,17 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Coronal FLAIR MR in the same patient confirms characteristic lesion distribution. Contrast-enhanced imaging (not shown) demonstrated no lesional enhancement.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows hyperintense lesions in the brachium pontis bilaterally, typical for demyelination. The right-sided lesion shows a targetoid appearance. Enhancement of several lesions was present on postcontrast T1 images (not shown).*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows hyperintense lesions in the brachium pontis bilaterally, typical for demyelination. The right-sided lesion shows a targetoid appearance. Enhancement of several lesions was present on postcontrast T1 images (not shown).*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the periventricular and subcortical white matter in a 14-year-old who presented with neck stiffness, fatigue, and seizures.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the periventricular and subcortical white matter in a 14-year-old who presented with neck stiffness, fatigue, and seizures.*
-
-*Axial SWI MR in the same patient shows petechial hemorrhages in regions of FLAIR signal abnormality.*
+
+*Axial SWI MR in the same patient shows petechial hemorrhages in regions of FLAIR signal abnormality.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in same patient shows extensive irregular ring enhancement involving multiple subcortical white matter lesions. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy (AHL) is a rare manifestation of ADEM, occurring in 2% of cases. AHL is associated with a very poor prognosis. Aggressive therapeutic management is a prerequisite to avoid usual disease course with fatal outcome.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in same patient shows extensive irregular ring enhancement involving multiple subcortical white matter lesions. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy (AHL) is a rare manifestation of ADEM, occurring in 2% of cases. AHL is associated with a very poor prognosis. Aggressive therapeutic management is a prerequisite to avoid usual disease course with fatal outcome.*
### Additional Images
@@ -485,11 +485,11 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial DWI MR shows increased signal in areas of FLAIR hyperintensity (not shown). The foci were hypointense on ADC images, indicating diffusion restriction. Both white matter and gray matter involvement is present. Diffusion restriction is an uncommon imaging finding and is associated with a worse prognosis.*
-
-*Coronal T2WI MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the white matter and deep gray nuclei of a child with ADEM. Although ADEM predominantly involves white matter, gray matter is often affected.*
+
+*Coronal T2WI MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the white matter and deep gray nuclei of a child with ADEM. Although ADEM predominantly involves white matter, gray matter is often affected.*
-
-*MRS at long echo time (TE) in a patient with acute lesions in ADEM demonstrates an ↑ choline , ↓ NAA , and the presence of a lactate doublet . Increase in choline with corresponding reductions in NAA normalize as the clinical and conventional neuroimaging abnormalities resolve.*
+
+*MRS at long echo time (TE) in a patient with acute lesions in ADEM demonstrates an ↑ choline , ↓ NAA , and the presence of a lactate doublet . Increase in choline with corresponding reductions in NAA normalize as the clinical and conventional neuroimaging abnormalities resolve.*
*Axial FLAIR MR shows bilateral, multiple asymmetric, flocculent, hyperintense lesions of ADEM.*
@@ -515,15 +515,15 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial DWI MR confirms the rare manifestation of ADEM, displaying bilateral striatal necrosis, as evidenced by asymmetric confluent restricted diffusion involving gray matter and white matter of bilateral corpus striatum.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows multiple bilateral but asymmetric, T2-hyperintense foci . None of the lesions demonstrates significant mass effect in this adult patient with ADEM. Imaging mimics multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, and microvascular ischemia.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows multiple bilateral but asymmetric, T2-hyperintense foci . None of the lesions demonstrates significant mass effect in this adult patient with ADEM. Imaging mimics multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, and microvascular ischemia.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large, tumefactive, hyperintense ADEM lesion with mass effect less than expected for the size of the lesion. Another clue to its nonneoplastic nature is the right-sided lesion .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large, tumefactive, hyperintense ADEM lesion with mass effect less than expected for the size of the lesion. Another clue to its nonneoplastic nature is the right-sided lesion .*
-
-*MRS at a long TE in the same patient shows the tumefactive lesion has a depressed choline and NAA metabolites in the presence of a large lactate doublet . This MRS helps distinguish this lesion from a neoplasm. MRS of ADEM may show elevated choline acutely.*
+
+*MRS at a long TE in the same patient shows the tumefactive lesion has a depressed choline and NAA metabolites in the presence of a large lactate doublet . This MRS helps distinguish this lesion from a neoplasm. MRS of ADEM may show elevated choline acutely.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows typical findings of ADEM with peripheral, subcortical hyperintense foci . Bilateral insular involvement is seen . Periventricular and callososeptal lesions, which are typical of multiple sclerosis, are not commonly seen in ADEM.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows typical findings of ADEM with peripheral, subcortical hyperintense foci . Bilateral insular involvement is seen . Periventricular and callososeptal lesions, which are typical of multiple sclerosis, are not commonly seen in ADEM.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/adem_a3fafeb7-5861-4364-beb8-c0e30220564e.md b/docs_md/articles/adem_a3fafeb7-5861-4364-beb8-c0e30220564e.md
index 18ecf4f..a2aa3b2 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/adem_a3fafeb7-5861-4364-beb8-c0e30220564e.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/adem_a3fafeb7-5861-4364-beb8-c0e30220564e.md
@@ -418,26 +418,26 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial DWI MR shows increased signal in areas of FLAIR hyperintensity. The foci were hypointense on ADC images, indicating diffusion restriction. Both WM and gray matter involvement is present. Diffusion restriction is an uncommon imaging finding and is associated with a worse prognosis.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows hyperintense lesions in the brachium pontis bilaterally, typical for demyelination. The right-sided lesion shows a targetoid appearance. Enhancement of several lesions was present on postcontrast T1 images (not shown).*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows hyperintense lesions in the brachium pontis bilaterally, typical for demyelination. The right-sided lesion shows a targetoid appearance. Enhancement of several lesions was present on postcontrast T1 images (not shown).*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the periventricular and subcortical WM in a 14 year old who presented with neck stiffness, fatigue, and seizures.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the periventricular and subcortical WM in a 14 year old who presented with neck stiffness, fatigue, and seizures.*
-
-*Axial SWI MR in the same patient shows petechial hemorrhages in regions of FLAIR signal abnormality.*
+
+*Axial SWI MR in the same patient shows petechial hemorrhages in regions of FLAIR signal abnormality.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows extensive irregular ring enhancement in multiple subcortical WM lesions. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy (AHL) is a rare manifestation of ADEM occurring in 2% of cases. AHL is associated with a very poor prognosis. Aggressive therapeutic management is a prerequisite to avoid usual disease course with fatal outcome.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows extensive irregular ring enhancement in multiple subcortical WM lesions. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy (AHL) is a rare manifestation of ADEM occurring in 2% of cases. AHL is associated with a very poor prognosis. Aggressive therapeutic management is a prerequisite to avoid usual disease course with fatal outcome.*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the WM and deep gray nuclei of a child with ADEM. Although ADEM predominantly involves WM, gray matter is often affected.*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR shows large, confluent regions of hyperintense signal in the WM and deep gray nuclei of a child with ADEM. Although ADEM predominantly involves WM, gray matter is often affected.*
-
-*MRS at long TE in a patient with acute lesions in ADEM demonstrates ↑ choline , ↓ NAA , and the presence of a lactate doublet . Increase in choline with corresponding reductions in NAA normalize as the clinical and conventional neuroimaging abnormalities resolve.*
+
+*MRS at long TE in a patient with acute lesions in ADEM demonstrates ↑ choline , ↓ NAA , and the presence of a lactate doublet . Increase in choline with corresponding reductions in NAA normalize as the clinical and conventional neuroimaging abnormalities resolve.*
-
-*MRS at long TE in a patient with acute lesions in ADEM demonstrates ↑ choline , ↓ NAA , and the presence of a lactate doublet . Increase in choline with corresponding reductions in NAA normalize as the clinical and conventional neuroimaging abnormalities resolve.*
+
+*MRS at long TE in a patient with acute lesions in ADEM demonstrates ↑ choline , ↓ NAA , and the presence of a lactate doublet . Increase in choline with corresponding reductions in NAA normalize as the clinical and conventional neuroimaging abnormalities resolve.*
### Additional Images
@@ -484,27 +484,27 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial DWI MR confirms the rare manifestation of ADEM, displaying bilateral striatal necrosis, as evidenced by asymmetric confluent restricted diffusion involving gray and white matter of bilateral corpus striatum.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows multiple bilateral, but asymmetric, T2-hyperintense foci . None of the lesions demonstrate significant mass effect in this adult patient with ADEM. Imaging mimics multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, and microvascular ischemia.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows multiple bilateral, but asymmetric, T2-hyperintense foci . None of the lesions demonstrate significant mass effect in this adult patient with ADEM. Imaging mimics multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, and microvascular ischemia.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows multiple bilateral, but asymmetric, T2-hyperintense foci . None of the lesions demonstrate significant mass effect in this adult patient with ADEM. Imaging mimics multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, and microvascular ischemia.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows multiple bilateral, but asymmetric, T2-hyperintense foci . None of the lesions demonstrate significant mass effect in this adult patient with ADEM. Imaging mimics multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, and microvascular ischemia.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large, tumefactive, hyperintense ADEM lesion with mass effect less than expected for the size of the lesion. Another clue to its nonneoplastic nature is the right-sided lesion .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large, tumefactive, hyperintense ADEM lesion with mass effect less than expected for the size of the lesion. Another clue to its nonneoplastic nature is the right-sided lesion .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large, tumefactive, hyperintense ADEM lesion with mass effect less than expected for the size of the lesion. Another clue to its nonneoplastic nature is the right-sided lesion .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large, tumefactive, hyperintense ADEM lesion with mass effect less than expected for the size of the lesion. Another clue to its nonneoplastic nature is the right-sided lesion .*
-
-*MRS at a long TE in the same patient shows the tumefactive lesion has a depressed choline and NAA metabolites in the presence of a large lactate doublet . This MRS helps distinguish this lesion from a neoplasm. MRS of ADEM may show elevated choline acutely.*
+
+*MRS at a long TE in the same patient shows the tumefactive lesion has a depressed choline and NAA metabolites in the presence of a large lactate doublet . This MRS helps distinguish this lesion from a neoplasm. MRS of ADEM may show elevated choline acutely.*
-
-*MRS at a long TE in the same patient shows the tumefactive lesion has a depressed choline and NAA metabolites in the presence of a large lactate doublet . This MRS helps distinguish this lesion from a neoplasm. MRS of ADEM may show elevated choline acutely.*
+
+*MRS at a long TE in the same patient shows the tumefactive lesion has a depressed choline and NAA metabolites in the presence of a large lactate doublet . This MRS helps distinguish this lesion from a neoplasm. MRS of ADEM may show elevated choline acutely.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows typical findings of ADEM with peripheral, subcortical hyperintense foci . Bilateral insular involvement is seen . Periventricular and callososeptal lesions, which are typical of multiple sclerosis, are not commonly seen in ADEM.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows typical findings of ADEM with peripheral, subcortical hyperintense foci . Bilateral insular involvement is seen . Periventricular and callososeptal lesions, which are typical of multiple sclerosis, are not commonly seen in ADEM.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows typical findings of ADEM with peripheral, subcortical hyperintense foci . Bilateral insular involvement is seen . Periventricular and callososeptal lesions, which are typical of multiple sclerosis, are not commonly seen in ADEM.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows typical findings of ADEM with peripheral, subcortical hyperintense foci . Bilateral insular involvement is seen . Periventricular and callososeptal lesions, which are typical of multiple sclerosis, are not commonly seen in ADEM.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/ahle_0ec0bca6-abee-4931-a6ed-43541b626261.md b/docs_md/articles/ahle_0ec0bca6-abee-4931-a6ed-43541b626261.md
index abfc76d..89b49db 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/ahle_0ec0bca6-abee-4931-a6ed-43541b626261.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/ahle_0ec0bca6-abee-4931-a6ed-43541b626261.md
@@ -264,32 +264,32 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
. (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)](images/app.statdx.com_image_93f46c03-6a13-429c-9a24-57e552795482_70fac743_20251018T070801Z.jpg)
-*Close-up view of autopsied brain in a patient with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) shows innumerable tiny microbleeds in the subcortical and deep white matter (WM) and corpus callosum . Note the overlying cortex is almost completely spared . (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)*
+
. (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)](images/app.statdx.com_image_93f46c03-6a13-429c-9a24-57e552795482_70fac743_20251018T070801Z.jpg)
+*Close-up view of autopsied brain in a patient with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) shows innumerable tiny microbleeds in the subcortical and deep white matter (WM) and corpus callosum . Note the overlying cortex is almost completely spared . (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)*
-
-*Close-up view of autopsied brain in a patient with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) shows innumerable tiny microbleeds in the subcortical and deep white matter (WM) and corpus callosum . Note the overlying cortex is almost completely spared . (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)*
+
+*Close-up view of autopsied brain in a patient with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) shows innumerable tiny microbleeds in the subcortical and deep white matter (WM) and corpus callosum . Note the overlying cortex is almost completely spared . (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)*
-
-*Close-up view of autopsied brain in a patient with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) shows innumerable tiny microbleeds in the subcortical and deep white matter (WM) and corpus callosum . Note the overlying cortex is almost completely spared . (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)*
+
+*Close-up view of autopsied brain in a patient with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) shows innumerable tiny microbleeds in the subcortical and deep white matter (WM) and corpus callosum . Note the overlying cortex is almost completely spared . (Courtesy E. Rushing, MD.)*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 28-year-old man with rapidly declining mental status after a flu-like illness shows patchy hyperintensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 28-year-old man with rapidly declining mental status after a flu-like illness shows patchy hyperintensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 28-year-old man with rapidly declining mental status after a flu-like illness shows patchy hyperintensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 28-year-old man with rapidly declining mental status after a flu-like illness shows patchy hyperintensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM .*
-
-*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows multiple tiny hypointensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM . The cortex is largely spared.*
+
+*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows multiple tiny hypointensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM . The cortex is largely spared.*
-
-*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows multiple tiny hypointensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM . The cortex is largely spared.*
+
+*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows multiple tiny hypointensities in the corpus callosum and deep/subcortical WM . The cortex is largely spared.*
-
-*Axial T2* SWI MR MIP shows the innumerable microbleeds in the corpus callosum with diffuse involvement of the hemispheric WM in this patient with AHLE.*
+
+*Axial T2* SWI MR MIP shows the innumerable microbleeds in the corpus callosum with diffuse involvement of the hemispheric WM in this patient with AHLE.*
-
-*Axial T2* SWI MR MIP shows the innumerable microbleeds in the corpus callosum with diffuse involvement of the hemispheric WM in this patient with AHLE.*
+
+*Axial T2* SWI MR MIP shows the innumerable microbleeds in the corpus callosum with diffuse involvement of the hemispheric WM in this patient with AHLE.*
### Additional Images
@@ -300,27 +300,27 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial FLAIR MR in a 25-year-old man with fever and rapidly decreasing mental status shows no definite abnormalities.*
-
-*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows a few punctate "blooming" foci in the corpus callosum genu and splenium . The remainder of the WM appears normal.*
+
+*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows a few punctate "blooming" foci in the corpus callosum genu and splenium . The remainder of the WM appears normal.*
-
-*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows a few punctate "blooming" foci in the corpus callosum genu and splenium . The remainder of the WM appears normal.*
+
+*Axial T2* GRE MR in the same patient shows a few punctate "blooming" foci in the corpus callosum genu and splenium . The remainder of the WM appears normal.*
-
-*Axial SWI MR n the same patient shows innumerable tiny "blooming" microbleeds in the corpus callosum and subcortical and deep WM . The cortex is largely spared.*
+
+*Axial SWI MR n the same patient shows innumerable tiny "blooming" microbleeds in the corpus callosum and subcortical and deep WM . The cortex is largely spared.*
-
-*More cephalad axial T2* SWI MR shows innumerable tiny "blooming" foci in the WM, especially in the corpus callosum . These imaging findings are characteristic of AHLE.*
+
+*More cephalad axial T2* SWI MR shows innumerable tiny "blooming" foci in the WM, especially in the corpus callosum . These imaging findings are characteristic of AHLE.*
-
-*Autopsy shows 2 areas of gross hemorrhagic necrosis . These findings and clinical history of prior flu-like illness with rapidly progressive fatal clinical course are characteristic of AHLE. (Courtesy R. Hewlett, MD).*
+
+*Autopsy shows 2 areas of gross hemorrhagic necrosis . These findings and clinical history of prior flu-like illness with rapidly progressive fatal clinical course are characteristic of AHLE. (Courtesy R. Hewlett, MD).*
-
-*Axial T2* GRE MR in a patient with rapid decline after a flu-like illness shows a large left frontal hemorrhage with numerous "blooming" foci in multiple WM lesions . Diagnosis was AHLE. (Courtesy R. Ramakantan, MD).*
+
+*Axial T2* GRE MR in a patient with rapid decline after a flu-like illness shows a large left frontal hemorrhage with numerous "blooming" foci in multiple WM lesions . Diagnosis was AHLE. (Courtesy R. Ramakantan, MD).*
-
-*Axial NECT in a patient with AHLE shows patchy hemorrhages in the corpus callosum splenium .*
+
+*Axial NECT in a patient with AHLE shows patchy hemorrhages in the corpus callosum splenium .*
-
-*Axial T2* SWI MR MIP in the same patient shows the microbleeds are heavily concentrated in the corpus callosum and hemispheric WM . Note involvement of the internal capsules and relative sparing of the basal ganglia and cortex.*
+
+*Axial T2* SWI MR MIP in the same patient shows the microbleeds are heavily concentrated in the corpus callosum and hemispheric WM . Note involvement of the internal capsules and relative sparing of the basal ganglia and cortex.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/aqueductal-stenosis_6dfa6261-3945-4606-850b-51484d05e70c.md b/docs_md/articles/aqueductal-stenosis_6dfa6261-3945-4606-850b-51484d05e70c.md
index bbf73bf..81ff0a4 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/aqueductal-stenosis_6dfa6261-3945-4606-850b-51484d05e70c.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/aqueductal-stenosis_6dfa6261-3945-4606-850b-51484d05e70c.md
@@ -380,51 +380,51 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal graphic shows obstructive hydrocephalus with markedly enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles, a stretched (thinned) corpus callosum, and a funnel-shaped cerebral aqueduct related to distal obstruction. Note the normal size of the 4th ventricle and depression of the floor of the 3rd ventricle from the hydrocephalus.*
+
+*Sagittal graphic shows obstructive hydrocephalus with markedly enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles, a stretched (thinned) corpus callosum, and a funnel-shaped cerebral aqueduct related to distal obstruction. Note the normal size of the 4th ventricle and depression of the floor of the 3rd ventricle from the hydrocephalus.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI from a fetal MR at 25 weeks gestational age with aqueductal stenosis shows macrocephaly, lateral and 3rd ventriculomegaly, and no CSF in the cerebral aqueduct .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI from a fetal MR at 25 weeks gestational age with aqueductal stenosis shows macrocephaly, lateral and 3rd ventriculomegaly, and no CSF in the cerebral aqueduct .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR depicts proximal aqueductal stenosis producing enlargement of the lateral and 3rd ventricles with depression of the fornices in conjunction with normal 4th ventricle size. The tectum is dysplastic and thickened with collicular fusion .*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR depicts proximal aqueductal stenosis producing enlargement of the lateral and 3rd ventricles with depression of the fornices in conjunction with normal 4th ventricle size. The tectum is dysplastic and thickened with collicular fusion .*
-
-*Sagittal FIESTA of a 5 year old with aqueductal stenosis secondary to a small obstructing web is shown. This patient underwent a 3rd ventriculostomy and is doing well. There are no other brain anomalies.*
+
+*Sagittal FIESTA of a 5 year old with aqueductal stenosis secondary to a small obstructing web is shown. This patient underwent a 3rd ventriculostomy and is doing well. There are no other brain anomalies.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR of a 5 day old with prenatal diagnosis of aqueductal stenosis demonstrates effacement of the cerebral aqueduct with thickening of the tectum .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR of a 5 day old with prenatal diagnosis of aqueductal stenosis demonstrates effacement of the cerebral aqueduct with thickening of the tectum .*
-
-*Axial T1WI MR in the same patient demonstrates rhombencephalosynapsis and bilateral choanal atresia . Other anomalies in this patient included bilateral microphthalmia and tracheoesophageal fistula. This patient had a partial deletion of chromosome 3q and SOX2 gene mutation.*
+
+*Axial T1WI MR in the same patient demonstrates rhombencephalosynapsis and bilateral choanal atresia . Other anomalies in this patient included bilateral microphthalmia and tracheoesophageal fistula. This patient had a partial deletion of chromosome 3q and SOX2 gene mutation.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR in a 2 day old with aqueductal stenosis with effacement of the aqueduct is shown. This patient also has diencephalic-mesencephalic dysplasia with incomplete separation of an enlarged massa intermedia from the midbrain with thickening of the 3rd ventricular floor .*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR in a 2 day old with aqueductal stenosis with effacement of the aqueduct is shown. This patient also has diencephalic-mesencephalic dysplasia with incomplete separation of an enlarged massa intermedia from the midbrain with thickening of the 3rd ventricular floor .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient demonstrates dilation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles with right ventricular diverticulum and multiple subependymal gray matter heterotopias .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient demonstrates dilation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles with right ventricular diverticulum and multiple subependymal gray matter heterotopias .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR in a patient with Walker-Warburg syndrome shows severe tectal dysgenesis with aqueductal occlusion. Marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles more than the 3rd ventricle is present. A "zigzag" brainstem and very small cerebellum are characteristic of this syndrome.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR in a patient with Walker-Warburg syndrome shows severe tectal dysgenesis with aqueductal occlusion. Marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles more than the 3rd ventricle is present. A "zigzag" brainstem and very small cerebellum are characteristic of this syndrome.*
-
-*Coronal T2WI MR in the same patient confirms marked ventriculomegaly, funnel-shaped cerebral aqueductal stenosis , fused fornices , and classic cobblestone lissencephaly.*
+
+*Coronal T2WI MR in the same patient confirms marked ventriculomegaly, funnel-shaped cerebral aqueductal stenosis , fused fornices , and classic cobblestone lissencephaly.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Coronal T2WI MR of the same neonate, on the 1st day of life, shows marked ventriculomegaly with asymmetric bilateral subdural hygromas following spontaneous ventricular decompression into the bilateral subdural spaces. This patient also has the additional midline congenital anomaly of rhombencephalosynapsis with characteristic incomplete dentate gyrus separation correlating with clinical truncal ataxia.*
+
+*Coronal T2WI MR of the same neonate, on the 1st day of life, shows marked ventriculomegaly with asymmetric bilateral subdural hygromas following spontaneous ventricular decompression into the bilateral subdural spaces. This patient also has the additional midline congenital anomaly of rhombencephalosynapsis with characteristic incomplete dentate gyrus separation correlating with clinical truncal ataxia.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR of a neonate with severe congenital hydrocephalus, imaged on the 1st day of life, shows severe aqueductal stenosis and abnormal dysplastic tectal thickening . Severe congenital hydrocephalus has resulted in spontaneous decompression into the subdural spaces .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR of a neonate with severe congenital hydrocephalus, imaged on the 1st day of life, shows severe aqueductal stenosis and abnormal dysplastic tectal thickening . Severe congenital hydrocephalus has resulted in spontaneous decompression into the subdural spaces .*
-
-*Coronal T2WI MR shows "funneling" of the aqueduct in the coronal plane , with a markedly distended ventricular system proximal to the stenotic aqueduct.*
+
+*Coronal T2WI MR shows "funneling" of the aqueduct in the coronal plane , with a markedly distended ventricular system proximal to the stenotic aqueduct.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR shows massively distended 3rd and lateral ventricles with distal aqueductal stenosis . Note the severe stretching of the corpus callosum and depression of the fornices .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR shows massively distended 3rd and lateral ventricles with distal aqueductal stenosis . Note the severe stretching of the corpus callosum and depression of the fornices .*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR reveals distal aqueductal stenosis with an enlarged, funnel-shaped cerebral aqueduct and mild abnormal tectal thickening. Note the lateral and 3rd ventriculomegaly with normal size of the 4th ventricle.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR reveals distal aqueductal stenosis with an enlarged, funnel-shaped cerebral aqueduct and mild abnormal tectal thickening. Note the lateral and 3rd ventriculomegaly with normal size of the 4th ventricle.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/asymmetric-lateral-ventricles_87387f0d-9b20-4288-a250-aa3ec83520c4.md b/docs_md/articles/asymmetric-lateral-ventricles_87387f0d-9b20-4288-a250-aa3ec83520c4.md
index 2170f64..0b67818 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/asymmetric-lateral-ventricles_87387f0d-9b20-4288-a250-aa3ec83520c4.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/asymmetric-lateral-ventricles_87387f0d-9b20-4288-a250-aa3ec83520c4.md
@@ -188,226 +188,226 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Normal Variant**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates normal variant anatomy with mild asymmetric prominence of the right lateral ventricle when compared to the left. Note the septum is slightly deviated to the left .*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates normal variant anatomy with mild asymmetric prominence of the right lateral ventricle when compared to the left. Note the septum is slightly deviated to the left .*
-
+
**Normal Variant**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates normal variant anatomy with mild asymmetric prominence of the right lateral ventricle when compared to the left. Note the septum is slightly deviated to the left .*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates normal variant anatomy with mild asymmetric prominence of the right lateral ventricle when compared to the left. Note the septum is slightly deviated to the left .*
-
+
**Extrinsic Mass Effect**
-*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a large, heterogeneous mass in the left frontal lobe with surrounding edema and mass effect with compression of the left lateral ventricle and moderate dilation of the right lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a large, heterogeneous mass in the left frontal lobe with surrounding edema and mass effect with compression of the left lateral ventricle and moderate dilation of the right lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Encephalomalacia, General**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a large, cystic encephalomalacia in the left frontal and parietal lobes due to chronic infarction with ex-vacuo dilation of the left lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a large, cystic encephalomalacia in the left frontal and parietal lobes due to chronic infarction with ex-vacuo dilation of the left lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Intraventricular Hemorrhage**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a large amount of acute intraventricular hemorrhage with mild dilation of the right lateral ventricle . Note CSF seepage in the peritrigonal region .*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a large amount of acute intraventricular hemorrhage with mild dilation of the right lateral ventricle . Note CSF seepage in the peritrigonal region .*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Axial NECT demonstrates a large left subdural hematoma and a small parenchymal hemorrhage , resulting in rightward subfalcine herniation , compression of the left lateral ventricle , and mild dilation of the right lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial NECT demonstrates a large left subdural hematoma and a small parenchymal hemorrhage , resulting in rightward subfalcine herniation , compression of the left lateral ventricle , and mild dilation of the right lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Surgical Defects**
-*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a large surgical defect in the left frontal lobe due to a tumor resection with resultant mild prominence of the left lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a large surgical defect in the left frontal lobe due to a tumor resection with resultant mild prominence of the left lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates enhancing intraventricular mass with obstructive dilation of the left temporal horn .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates enhancing intraventricular mass with obstructive dilation of the left temporal horn .*
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a shunt catheter in the right lateral ventricle with asymmetric lateral ventricles due to overdrainage of the right and mild underdrainage of the left . Note susceptibility artifact due to the shunt reservoir.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a shunt catheter in the right lateral ventricle with asymmetric lateral ventricles due to overdrainage of the right and mild underdrainage of the left . Note susceptibility artifact due to the shunt reservoir.*
-
+
**Meningioma**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a left lateral intraventricular isointense mass in the trigone with dilatation of the left trigone . Note periventricular edema . Biopsy revealed meningioma.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a left lateral intraventricular isointense mass in the trigone with dilatation of the left trigone . Note periventricular edema . Biopsy revealed meningioma.*
-
+
**Neurocytoma, Central**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a well-circumscribed, isointense, left lateral ventricular mass attached to the septum pellucidum with peripheral tiny cysts . Note moderate dilation of the left lateral ventricle . Biopsy revealed neurocytoma.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a well-circumscribed, isointense, left lateral ventricular mass attached to the septum pellucidum with peripheral tiny cysts . Note moderate dilation of the left lateral ventricle . Biopsy revealed neurocytoma.*
-
+
**Intraventricular Synechiae/Adhesions**
-*Coronal T2 MR demonstrates asymmetric mild enlargement of the left lateral ventricle due to synechiae obstructing the foramen of Monro.*
+*Coronal T2 MR demonstrates asymmetric mild enlargement of the left lateral ventricle due to synechiae obstructing the foramen of Monro.*
-
+
**Choroid Plexus Carcinoma**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a poorly circumscribed heterogeneous left trigonal mass with internal cysts/necrosis. Note extensive periventricular edema . Biopsy revealed choroid plexus carcinoma.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a poorly circumscribed heterogeneous left trigonal mass with internal cysts/necrosis. Note extensive periventricular edema . Biopsy revealed choroid plexus carcinoma.*
-
+
**Dyke-Davidoff-Masson**
-*Axial NECT demonstrates atrophy of the left cerebral hemisphere with encephalomalacia due to antenatal vascular insult. Note the dilated left lateral ventricle and mild overlying calvarial thickening .*
+*Axial NECT demonstrates atrophy of the left cerebral hemisphere with encephalomalacia due to antenatal vascular insult. Note the dilated left lateral ventricle and mild overlying calvarial thickening .*
-
+
**Rasmussen Encephalitis**
-*Axial T2 MR in a patient with refractory epilepsy due to Rasmussen encephalitis demonstrates left cerebral hemispheric atrophy and mild ex-vacuo dilation of the left lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial T2 MR in a patient with refractory epilepsy due to Rasmussen encephalitis demonstrates left cerebral hemispheric atrophy and mild ex-vacuo dilation of the left lateral ventricle .*
### Additional Images
-
+
**Extrinsic Mass Effect**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows compression of the left frontal horn by a large, periventricular, enhancing mass , primary CNS lymphoma. Extrinsic mass effect is a common cause of ventricular asymmetry.*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows compression of the left frontal horn by a large, periventricular, enhancing mass , primary CNS lymphoma. Extrinsic mass effect is a common cause of ventricular asymmetry.*
-
+
**Encephalomalacia, General**
-*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a left posterior MCA encephalomalacia resulting in mild ex-vacuo dilatation of the left atrium .*
+*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a left posterior MCA encephalomalacia resulting in mild ex-vacuo dilatation of the left atrium .*
-
+
**Encephalomalacia, General**
-*Axial T2 MR shows right hemiatrophy in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Chronic venous ischemia leads to progressive hemiatrophy. Note the ipsilateral large right ventricle due to volume loss.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows right hemiatrophy in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Chronic venous ischemia leads to progressive hemiatrophy. Note the ipsilateral large right ventricle due to volume loss.*
-
+
**Intraventricular Hemorrhage**
-*Axial NECT shows a basal ganglia hypertensive hemorrhage with intraventricular extension . Associated midline shift results in dilation of the contralateral ventricles from foramen of Monro obstruction.*
+*Axial NECT shows a basal ganglia hypertensive hemorrhage with intraventricular extension . Associated midline shift results in dilation of the contralateral ventricles from foramen of Monro obstruction.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Coronal FLAIR MR shows a diffusely enlarged hyperintense supratentorial cortex compared to the cerebellum in this patient in longstanding status epilepticus. Disproportionate left hemisphere involvement has resulted in left ventricular compression , right foramen of Monro outlet obstruction, and dilation of the right ventricular system .*
+*Coronal FLAIR MR shows a diffusely enlarged hyperintense supratentorial cortex compared to the cerebellum in this patient in longstanding status epilepticus. Disproportionate left hemisphere involvement has resulted in left ventricular compression , right foramen of Monro outlet obstruction, and dilation of the right ventricular system .*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Coronal T1WI C+ MR shows a right hemispheric, subacute, subdural hematoma causing subfalcine and uncal herniation. Mass effect compresses the right frontal horn. The left ventricle is enlarged from foramen of Monro obstruction.*
+*Coronal T1WI C+ MR shows a right hemispheric, subacute, subdural hematoma causing subfalcine and uncal herniation. Mass effect compresses the right frontal horn. The left ventricle is enlarged from foramen of Monro obstruction.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Coronal T2WI MR shows right temporal viral encephalitis causing local mass effect . The left lateral ventricle is larger from foramen of Monro obstruction due to midline shift.*
+*Coronal T2WI MR shows right temporal viral encephalitis causing local mass effect . The left lateral ventricle is larger from foramen of Monro obstruction due to midline shift.*
-
+
**Surgical Defects**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows widening of right foramen of Monro , septum pellucidum deviation , and an enlarged right lateral ventricle in this tuberous sclerosis patient with remote tumor resection.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows widening of right foramen of Monro , septum pellucidum deviation , and an enlarged right lateral ventricle in this tuberous sclerosis patient with remote tumor resection.*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial NECT shows marked enlargement of the left lateral ventricle with bowing of septum pellucidum across midline and transependymal CSF migration indicating acute obstruction. Findings were related to a small atrial diverticulum.*
+*Axial NECT shows marked enlargement of the left lateral ventricle with bowing of septum pellucidum across midline and transependymal CSF migration indicating acute obstruction. Findings were related to a small atrial diverticulum.*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a colloid cyst believed to be complicated by inflammatory changes. Obstruction of the left foramen of Monro causes unilateral left lateral ventricle dilation .*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a colloid cyst believed to be complicated by inflammatory changes. Obstruction of the left foramen of Monro causes unilateral left lateral ventricle dilation .*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows a medial atrial diverticulum , a rare complication of severe hydrocephalus. CSF pouch herniates inferomedially through tentorial incisura.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows a medial atrial diverticulum , a rare complication of severe hydrocephalus. CSF pouch herniates inferomedially through tentorial incisura.*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Coronal T1WI C+ MR shows typical case of coccidioidomycosis meningitis. Note marked enhancement of basal cisterns and asymmetric ventricular enlargement from CSF obstruction.*
+*Coronal T1WI C+ MR shows typical case of coccidioidomycosis meningitis. Note marked enhancement of basal cisterns and asymmetric ventricular enlargement from CSF obstruction.*
-
+
**Choroid Plexus Cyst**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a lobulated, nonenhancing mass in the lateral ventricle atrium, a choroid plexus xanthogranuloma. This degenerative cyst of the choroid plexus is often found incidentally in older patients.*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a lobulated, nonenhancing mass in the lateral ventricle atrium, a choroid plexus xanthogranuloma. This degenerative cyst of the choroid plexus is often found incidentally in older patients.*
-
+
**Ventriculitis**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows ventriculitis with asymmetric lateral ventricles related to a temporal lobe abscess rupture and meningitis . Note ventriculomegaly and ventricular wall enhancement characteristic of ventriculitis.*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows ventriculitis with asymmetric lateral ventricles related to a temporal lobe abscess rupture and meningitis . Note ventriculomegaly and ventricular wall enhancement characteristic of ventriculitis.*
-
+
**Ventriculitis**
-*Axial CECT shows marked ventriculomegaly and ependymal enhancement . A dependent debris level is noted in both lateral ventricles. Ventriculitis has resulted from abscess rupture.*
+*Axial CECT shows marked ventriculomegaly and ependymal enhancement . A dependent debris level is noted in both lateral ventricles. Ventriculitis has resulted from abscess rupture.*
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial NECT shows an infant with hydrocephalus after placement of a right frontal ventricular drain . The shunt did not cross midline. The left lateral ventricle remained enlarged, and the right became slit-like.*
+*Axial NECT shows an infant with hydrocephalus after placement of a right frontal ventricular drain . The shunt did not cross midline. The left lateral ventricle remained enlarged, and the right became slit-like.*
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows marked enlargement of the isolated right lateral ventricle with transependymal flow of CSF indicating acute obstruction. Note left shunt and completely decompressed left lateral ventricle.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows marked enlargement of the isolated right lateral ventricle with transependymal flow of CSF indicating acute obstruction. Note left shunt and completely decompressed left lateral ventricle.*
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial NECT shows asymmetric left ventricular dilation post shunting . Shunt tip may be occluded from clot or from imperforate septum, preventing drainage of the left ventricular system.*
+*Axial NECT shows asymmetric left ventricular dilation post shunting . Shunt tip may be occluded from clot or from imperforate septum, preventing drainage of the left ventricular system.*
-
+
**Meningioma**
-*Axial T2WI FS MR shows a hypointense choroid plexus mass in the atrium of the left lateral ventricle that enhanced intensely (not shown). Note striking surrounding vasogenic edema in adjacent brain parenchyma, thought due to locally obstructed CSF.*
+*Axial T2WI FS MR shows a hypointense choroid plexus mass in the atrium of the left lateral ventricle that enhanced intensely (not shown). Note striking surrounding vasogenic edema in adjacent brain parenchyma, thought due to locally obstructed CSF.*
-
+
**Neurocytoma, Central**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR demonstrates a mildly enhancing and heterogeneous mass arising from the septum pellucidum . Note asymmetric dilatation of the right lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR demonstrates a mildly enhancing and heterogeneous mass arising from the septum pellucidum . Note asymmetric dilatation of the right lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Choroid Plexus Papilloma**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows enhancement within the mass in the atrium of the lateral ventricle with an encysted asymmetrically larger left lateral ventricle.*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows enhancement within the mass in the atrium of the lateral ventricle with an encysted asymmetrically larger left lateral ventricle.*
-
+
**Neurocysticercosis**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows asymmetric lateral ventricles caused by a giant neurocysticercosis cyst in the body of the left lateral ventricle.*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows asymmetric lateral ventricles caused by a giant neurocysticercosis cyst in the body of the left lateral ventricle.*
-
+
**Intraventricular Synechiae/Adhesions**
-*Axial T1WI C+ FS MR shows a large mass in the atrium of the right lateral ventricle with a trapped, encysted occipital horn . Ependymal enhancement represents tumor spread from choroidal metastasis.*
+*Axial T1WI C+ FS MR shows a large mass in the atrium of the right lateral ventricle with a trapped, encysted occipital horn . Ependymal enhancement represents tumor spread from choroidal metastasis.*
-
+
**Dyke-Davidoff-Masson**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows an asymmetrically larger right atrium in this patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Note associated ipsilateral enlarged frontal sinus and calvarial thickening .*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows an asymmetrically larger right atrium in this patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Note associated ipsilateral enlarged frontal sinus and calvarial thickening .*
-
+
**Hemimegalencephaly**
-*Axial CECT shows enlargement of the right hemisphere and lateral ventricle compared to the left side. Expansion of the hemisphere is mostly due to increased white matter. An enlarged, often deformed, lateral ventricle on the abnormal side is typical.*
+*Axial CECT shows enlargement of the right hemisphere and lateral ventricle compared to the left side. Expansion of the hemisphere is mostly due to increased white matter. An enlarged, often deformed, lateral ventricle on the abnormal side is typical.*
-
+
**Ependymal Cyst**
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a cyst enlarging the left lateral ventricle with signal intensity isointense to CSF . There was no enhancement of the cyst wall, typical of ependymal cyst.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a cyst enlarging the left lateral ventricle with signal intensity isointense to CSF . There was no enhancement of the cyst wall, typical of ependymal cyst.*
-
+
**Ependymal Cyst**
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a cystic lesion arising from the ependymal lining of the left temporal horn , consistent with an ependymal cyst. The lesion followed CSF signal on every sequence.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a cystic lesion arising from the ependymal lining of the left temporal horn , consistent with an ependymal cyst. The lesion followed CSF signal on every sequence.*
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial T1WI MR demonstrates a right parietal shunt catheter with its tip in the right frontal horn in a patient with congenital aqueductal stenosis. The right lateral ventricle is collapsed, while the 3rd and left lateral ventricles are moderately dilated.*
+*Axial T1WI MR demonstrates a right parietal shunt catheter with its tip in the right frontal horn in a patient with congenital aqueductal stenosis. The right lateral ventricle is collapsed, while the 3rd and left lateral ventricles are moderately dilated.*
-
+
**Ventriculitis**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows ependymal enhancement and mild asymmetric dilatation of the left occipital horn in ventriculitis. There is also asymmetric enhancement of the adjacent choroid plexus consistent with choroid plexitis .*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows ependymal enhancement and mild asymmetric dilatation of the left occipital horn in ventriculitis. There is also asymmetric enhancement of the adjacent choroid plexus consistent with choroid plexitis .*
-
+
**Choroid Plexus Cyst**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows a large, hyperintense choroid plexus cyst in a newborn. The lesion increased in size on sequential imaging, requiring endoscopic fenestration.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows a large, hyperintense choroid plexus cyst in a newborn. The lesion increased in size on sequential imaging, requiring endoscopic fenestration.*
-
+
**Surgical Defects**
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows asymmetric dilatation of the left frontal horn and surrounding gliosis following the resection of an intraaxial metastasis. Part of the surgical tract is seen . Note multiple additional metastatic lesions in the right cerebral hemisphere.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows asymmetric dilatation of the left frontal horn and surrounding gliosis following the resection of an intraaxial metastasis. Part of the surgical tract is seen . Note multiple additional metastatic lesions in the right cerebral hemisphere.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Axial NECT demonstrates a large left frontal intraparenchymal hematoma causing subfalcine herniation to the right . The left lateral ventricle is effaced. The posterior right lateral ventricle is mildly dilated .*
+*Axial NECT demonstrates a large left frontal intraparenchymal hematoma causing subfalcine herniation to the right . The left lateral ventricle is effaced. The posterior right lateral ventricle is mildly dilated .*
-
+
**Intraventricular Hemorrhage**
-*Axial NECT shows a large amount of intraventricular hemorrhage resulting in moderate asymmetric expansion of the left lateral ventricle. A smaller amount of layering blood products is seen in the right lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial NECT shows a large amount of intraventricular hemorrhage resulting in moderate asymmetric expansion of the left lateral ventricle. A smaller amount of layering blood products is seen in the right lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Rasmussen Encephalitis**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows mild, asymmetric, right hemispheric volume loss with prominent sulci and mild, asymmetric, right lateral ventricle dilatation in a pediatric patient with Rasmussen encephalitis.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows mild, asymmetric, right hemispheric volume loss with prominent sulci and mild, asymmetric, right lateral ventricle dilatation in a pediatric patient with Rasmussen encephalitis.*
-
+
**Extrinsic Mass Effect**
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a round mass in the right occipital lobe (primary CNS lymphoma) that effaces the adjacent right occipital horn and atrium . Extrinsic mass effect is a common cause of ventricular asymmetry and compression.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a round mass in the right occipital lobe (primary CNS lymphoma) that effaces the adjacent right occipital horn and atrium . Extrinsic mass effect is a common cause of ventricular asymmetry and compression.*
-
+
**Neurocytoma, Central**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR demonstrates a heterogeneous enhancing mass arising from the septum pellucidum, a pathologically proven central neurocytoma. Note moderate asymmetric dilatation of the right lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR demonstrates a heterogeneous enhancing mass arising from the septum pellucidum, a pathologically proven central neurocytoma. Note moderate asymmetric dilatation of the right lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Obstructive Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a left thalamic expansile mass , a glioblastoma, which demonstrated heterogeneous enhancement (not shown). It protrudes into and obstructs the left ventricular atrium, which is asymmetrically dilated .*
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a left thalamic expansile mass , a glioblastoma, which demonstrated heterogeneous enhancement (not shown). It protrudes into and obstructs the left ventricular atrium, which is asymmetrically dilated .*
-
+
**Encephalomalacia, General**
-*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates generalized left hemispheric encephalomalacia following necrotizing encephalitis of unknown origin. There is resultant mild ex-vacuo dilatation of the left lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates generalized left hemispheric encephalomalacia following necrotizing encephalitis of unknown origin. There is resultant mild ex-vacuo dilatation of the left lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Meningioma**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows an avidly enhancing, lobulated mass arising from the right ventricular atrium , a meningioma. Note the mild asymmetric dilatation of the left lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows an avidly enhancing, lobulated mass arising from the right ventricular atrium , a meningioma. Note the mild asymmetric dilatation of the left lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Normal Variant**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows lateral ventricles with the right being larger than the left, representing a normal variant. Note mild bowing of the septum pellucidum across the midline .*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows lateral ventricles with the right being larger than the left, representing a normal variant. Note mild bowing of the septum pellucidum across the midline .*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/autoimmune-encephalitis_6eb3d5d6-7f6a-4367-a792-b5d4b19675da.md b/docs_md/articles/autoimmune-encephalitis_6eb3d5d6-7f6a-4367-a792-b5d4b19675da.md
index 7c4dbc8..b51ee5b 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/autoimmune-encephalitis_6eb3d5d6-7f6a-4367-a792-b5d4b19675da.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/autoimmune-encephalitis_6eb3d5d6-7f6a-4367-a792-b5d4b19675da.md
@@ -415,14 +415,14 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the bilateral medial temporal lobes , characteristic of limbic encephalitis (LE), the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the bilateral medial temporal lobes , characteristic of limbic encephalitis (LE), the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the bilateral medial temporal lobes , characteristic of limbic encephalitis (LE), the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the bilateral medial temporal lobes , characteristic of limbic encephalitis (LE), the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the bilateral medial temporal lobes , characteristic of limbic encephalitis (LE), the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the bilateral medial temporal lobes , characteristic of limbic encephalitis (LE), the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows no significant enhancement in the medial temporal lobes. Enhancement is often present in limbic encephalitis. The patient's symptoms often improve after treatment of the primary tumor.*
@@ -430,11 +430,11 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows no significant enhancement in the medial temporal lobes. Enhancement is often present in limbic encephalitis. The patient's symptoms often improve after treatment of the primary tumor.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 61 year old with multiple myeloma who presented with seizures shows abnormal hyperintensity in the cortex and subcortical white matter of the temporal lobes.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 61 year old with multiple myeloma who presented with seizures shows abnormal hyperintensity in the cortex and subcortical white matter of the temporal lobes.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 61 year old with multiple myeloma who presented with seizures shows abnormal hyperintensity in the cortex and subcortical white matter of the temporal lobes.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 61 year old with multiple myeloma who presented with seizures shows abnormal hyperintensity in the cortex and subcortical white matter of the temporal lobes.*
*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows no enhancement. Differential considerations include autoimmune encephalitis (AE), acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM), viral encephalitis, and vasculitis in this case. AE related to GABAr was diagnosed by CSF and serum markers.*
@@ -442,29 +442,29 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows no enhancement. Differential considerations include autoimmune encephalitis (AE), acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM), viral encephalitis, and vasculitis in this case. AE related to GABAr was diagnosed by CSF and serum markers.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 71 year old with altered mental status shows abnormal hyperintensity in the left temporal lobe . Differential considerations include infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic etiologies. GAD65 AE was diagnosed at brain biopsy.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 71 year old with altered mental status shows abnormal hyperintensity in the left temporal lobe . Differential considerations include infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic etiologies. GAD65 AE was diagnosed at brain biopsy.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 71 year old with altered mental status shows abnormal hyperintensity in the left temporal lobe . Differential considerations include infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic etiologies. GAD65 AE was diagnosed at brain biopsy.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 71 year old with altered mental status shows abnormal hyperintensity in the left temporal lobe . Differential considerations include infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic etiologies. GAD65 AE was diagnosed at brain biopsy.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes in this patient with subacute dementia and voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) autoimmunity. VGKC may occur with or without a primary neoplasm and may have an LE pattern.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes in this patient with subacute dementia and voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) autoimmunity. VGKC may occur with or without a primary neoplasm and may have an LE pattern.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes in this patient with subacute dementia and voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) autoimmunity. VGKC may occur with or without a primary neoplasm and may have an LE pattern.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes in this patient with subacute dementia and voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) autoimmunity. VGKC may occur with or without a primary neoplasm and may have an LE pattern.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows midbrain hyperintensity related to brainstem encephalitis, which is characterized by hyperintensity in the midbrain, pons, cerebellar peduncle, and basal ganglia.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows midbrain hyperintensity related to brainstem encephalitis, which is characterized by hyperintensity in the midbrain, pons, cerebellar peduncle, and basal ganglia.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows midbrain hyperintensity related to brainstem encephalitis, which is characterized by hyperintensity in the midbrain, pons, cerebellar peduncle, and basal ganglia.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows midbrain hyperintensity related to brainstem encephalitis, which is characterized by hyperintensity in the midbrain, pons, cerebellar peduncle, and basal ganglia.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement of the midbrain lesions and the medial temporal lobe . This patient was diagnosed with LE with new brainstem symptoms. Multiple paraneoplastic syndromes may occur in the same patient.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement of the midbrain lesions and the medial temporal lobe . This patient was diagnosed with LE with new brainstem symptoms. Multiple paraneoplastic syndromes may occur in the same patient.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement of the midbrain lesions and the medial temporal lobe . This patient was diagnosed with LE with new brainstem symptoms. Multiple paraneoplastic syndromes may occur in the same patient.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement of the midbrain lesions and the medial temporal lobe . This patient was diagnosed with LE with new brainstem symptoms. Multiple paraneoplastic syndromes may occur in the same patient.*
*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes bilaterally, related to LE. As imaging mimics herpes encephalitis, most patients are initially treated with antiviral therapy until HSV titers are found to be negative. < 1% of cancer patients develop a paraneoplastic syndrome.*
@@ -472,26 +472,26 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes bilaterally, related to LE. As imaging mimics herpes encephalitis, most patients are initially treated with antiviral therapy until HSV titers are found to be negative. < 1% of cancer patients develop a paraneoplastic syndrome.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement of the medial temporal lobes. LE is the only paraneoplastic syndrome with defined imaging features.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement of the medial temporal lobes. LE is the only paraneoplastic syndrome with defined imaging features.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the right medial temporal lobe , typical of limbic encephalitis. Note the abnormal hyperintensity in the midbrain , indicative of brainstem encephalitis. Brainstem encephalitis is a very uncommon paraneoplastic syndrome. Multiple paraneoplastic syndromes can occur in the same patient.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the right medial temporal lobe , typical of limbic encephalitis. Note the abnormal hyperintensity in the midbrain , indicative of brainstem encephalitis. Brainstem encephalitis is a very uncommon paraneoplastic syndrome. Multiple paraneoplastic syndromes can occur in the same patient.*
*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with subacute dementia and lung cancer shows hyperintensity within the medial temporal lobes, classic for limbic encephalitis. Imaging mimics herpes encephalitis.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows subtle patchy enhancement of the medial temporal lobes bilaterally , which is a typical enhancement pattern for limbic encephalitis. Bilateral involvement is common.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows subtle patchy enhancement of the medial temporal lobes bilaterally , which is a typical enhancement pattern for limbic encephalitis. Bilateral involvement is common.*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR in a patient with limbic encephalitis shows abnormal hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes and right insula in this patient with severe memory loss and dementia. Symptoms improved after the removal of the primary tumor.*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR in a patient with limbic encephalitis shows abnormal hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes and right insula in this patient with severe memory loss and dementia. Symptoms improved after the removal of the primary tumor.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows abnormal gyriform enhancement in the medial temporal lobes and left insula . The more typical patchy enhancement pattern of limbic encephalitis is seen in the hippocampi bilaterally.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows abnormal gyriform enhancement in the medial temporal lobes and left insula . The more typical patchy enhancement pattern of limbic encephalitis is seen in the hippocampi bilaterally.*
*Axial T1 MR shows hyperintensity representing blood products in the medial temporal lobes in this patient with treated lung cancer and limbic encephalitis. Blood products are rare in limbic encephalitis, in which imaging mimics herpes encephalitis.*
@@ -505,11 +505,11 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes bilaterally, characteristic of limbic encephalitis, the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in an older adult with small cell lung cancer and subacute dementia shows striking hyperintensity in the right insula .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in an older adult with small cell lung cancer and subacute dementia shows striking hyperintensity in the right insula .*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient shows abnormal hyperintensity in both medial temporal lobes and right insular cortex . Imaging of limbic encephalitis mimics that of herpes encephalitis; however, patients with limbic encephalitis have a subacute presentation. Hemorrhage suggests herpes rather than limbic encephalitis.*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient shows abnormal hyperintensity in both medial temporal lobes and right insular cortex . Imaging of limbic encephalitis mimics that of herpes encephalitis; however, patients with limbic encephalitis have a subacute presentation. Hemorrhage suggests herpes rather than limbic encephalitis.*
*Axial FLAIR MR shows abnormal hyperintensity in the medial temporal lobes bilaterally, characteristic of limbic encephalitis, the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. Bilateral involvement is typical of limbic encephalitis.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/basal-ganglia-calcification_f8dc8f27-f256-480d-9393-7ec3495a3d27.md b/docs_md/articles/basal-ganglia-calcification_f8dc8f27-f256-480d-9393-7ec3495a3d27.md
index bcdd6db..7ec14d6 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/basal-ganglia-calcification_f8dc8f27-f256-480d-9393-7ec3495a3d27.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/basal-ganglia-calcification_f8dc8f27-f256-480d-9393-7ec3495a3d27.md
@@ -176,41 +176,41 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Aging Brain, Normal**
-*Axial NECT shows typical basal ganglia (BG) Ca⁺⁺ in this 75-year-old man who presented after minor trauma. Note the location within the globus pallidus (GP) , typical for normal aging brain. Physiologic Ca⁺⁺ is typically seen in adults over 30 years.*
+*Axial NECT shows typical basal ganglia (BG) Ca⁺⁺ in this 75-year-old man who presented after minor trauma. Note the location within the globus pallidus (GP) , typical for normal aging brain. Physiologic Ca⁺⁺ is typically seen in adults over 30 years.*
-
+
**Aging Brain, Normal**
-*Axial NECT shows typical basal ganglia (BG) Ca⁺⁺ in this 75-year-old man who presented after minor trauma. Note the location within the globus pallidus (GP) , typical for normal aging brain. Physiologic Ca⁺⁺ is typically seen in adults over 30 years.*
+*Axial NECT shows typical basal ganglia (BG) Ca⁺⁺ in this 75-year-old man who presented after minor trauma. Note the location within the globus pallidus (GP) , typical for normal aging brain. Physiologic Ca⁺⁺ is typically seen in adults over 30 years.*
-
+
**Neurocysticercosis**
-*Axial CT shows multiple calcified nodules in the deep gray nuclei & along the cortex related to the nodular, calcified (healed) stage of neurocysticercosis. This intracranial parasitic infection is caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium.*
+*Axial CT shows multiple calcified nodules in the deep gray nuclei & along the cortex related to the nodular, calcified (healed) stage of neurocysticercosis. This intracranial parasitic infection is caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium.*
**Fahr Disease**
*Axial NECT shows the typical CT appearance of Fahr disease (FD) with extensive calcifications present in the BG, cerebral white matter (WM), & at the subcortical gray matter-WM junctions.*
-
+
**Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury**
-*Axial NECT shows calcification of thalami & BG from status marmoratus. There is atrophy & a collapsed calvarium following remote mixed hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) in this infant. Profound acute HII typically affects the BG.*
+*Axial NECT shows calcification of thalami & BG from status marmoratus. There is atrophy & a collapsed calvarium following remote mixed hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) in this infant. Profound acute HII typically affects the BG.*
-
+
**Mitochondrial Disorders**
-*Axial NECT in a teenager shows bilateral GP Ca⁺⁺, a rare finding in patients < 30 years.*
+*Axial NECT in a teenager shows bilateral GP Ca⁺⁺, a rare finding in patients < 30 years.*
-
+
**Mitochondrial Disorders**
-*FLAIR MR (same patient) shows left frontal & parietal hyperintensity related to recent middle cerebral artery & anterior cerebral artery infarcts. Muscle biopsy showed myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers. This rare mitochondrial disorder often presents with myoclonus & seizures. Imaging mimics other mitochondrial disorders, incl. mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, & stroke-like episodes (MELAS).*
+*FLAIR MR (same patient) shows left frontal & parietal hyperintensity related to recent middle cerebral artery & anterior cerebral artery infarcts. Muscle biopsy showed myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers. This rare mitochondrial disorder often presents with myoclonus & seizures. Imaging mimics other mitochondrial disorders, incl. mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, & stroke-like episodes (MELAS).*
-
+
**Mitochondrial Disorders**
-*Axial NECT shows Ca⁺⁺ of the GP bilaterally in this child with MELAS. Note the low density in the medial occipital lobes related to infarcts. BG Ca⁺⁺ is abnormal in children & young adults.*
+*Axial NECT shows Ca⁺⁺ of the GP bilaterally in this child with MELAS. Note the low density in the medial occipital lobes related to infarcts. BG Ca⁺⁺ is abnormal in children & young adults.*
-
+
**HIV, Congenital**
-*Axial NECT in a patient with congenital HIV shows bilateral symmetrical BG Ca⁺⁺ predominantly in the GP . This Ca⁺⁺ is seen typically months after birth. With HIV, involvement of the lentiform nuclei Ca⁺⁺ is greater than the caudate heads.*
+*Axial NECT in a patient with congenital HIV shows bilateral symmetrical BG Ca⁺⁺ predominantly in the GP . This Ca⁺⁺ is seen typically months after birth. With HIV, involvement of the lentiform nuclei Ca⁺⁺ is greater than the caudate heads.*
**CMV, Congenital**
@@ -224,25 +224,25 @@ breadcrumbs:
**Endocrinologic Disorders**
*Axial NECT in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism shows dense Ca⁺⁺ within the BG & subcortical WM in a pseudohypoparathyroidism patient. There is significant imaging overlap between systemic diseases with abnormal calcium deposition.*
-
+
**Toxoplasmosis, Acquired**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows an enhancing right BG mass in an AIDS patient. Post therapy, enhancing lesions typically calcify. The BG is the most common location for toxoplasmosis followed by the thalamus, then the cerebral hemispheres.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows an enhancing right BG mass in an AIDS patient. Post therapy, enhancing lesions typically calcify. The BG is the most common location for toxoplasmosis followed by the thalamus, then the cerebral hemispheres.*
-
+
**Leigh Syndrome**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows symmetric T2 hyperintensity in the BG bilaterally in this child with neurodegeneration. Ca⁺⁺ of the BG is seen in chronic cases.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows symmetric T2 hyperintensity in the BG bilaterally in this child with neurodegeneration. Ca⁺⁺ of the BG is seen in chronic cases.*
**Radiation & Chemotherapy**
*Axial NECT shows mineralizing microangiopathy related to radiation therapy & chemotherapy for a remote childhood neoplasm. Note the symmetric Ca⁺⁺ in the BG & subcortical WM. This typically occurs ~ 2 years after therapy with XRT & chemotherapy.*
-
+
**Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (Mimic)**
-*Axial T2 MR shows calcified subependymal nodules in the foramen of Monro region in this child with seizures, mimicking BG Ca⁺⁺. These nodules occur in 98% of patients with tuberous sclerosis.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows calcified subependymal nodules in the foramen of Monro region in this child with seizures, mimicking BG Ca⁺⁺. These nodules occur in 98% of patients with tuberous sclerosis.*
-
+
**Developmental Venous Anomaly**
-*Axial NECT shows dense Ca⁺⁺ in right BG & thalamus. CE images (not shown) revealed an underlying developmental venous anomaly. These are congenital cerebral vascular malformations with mature venous elements, which may rarely have Ca⁺⁺ possibly related to underlying venous congestion & ischemia.*
+*Axial NECT shows dense Ca⁺⁺ in right BG & thalamus. CE images (not shown) revealed an underlying developmental venous anomaly. These are congenital cerebral vascular malformations with mature venous elements, which may rarely have Ca⁺⁺ possibly related to underlying venous congestion & ischemia.*
### Additional Images
@@ -251,9 +251,9 @@ breadcrumbs:
**Fahr Disease**
*Axial NECT shows a variant CT appearance of FD with extensive Ca⁺⁺ present in the BG, cerebral WM, & at the subcortical gray matter-WM junctions.*
-
+
**Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration**
-*Axial NECT shows globus pallidus mineralization bilaterally in a patient with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. CT is typically normal. T2 MR shows classic the eye of the tiger appearance with globus pallidus hypointensity related to iron accumulation with medial T2 hyperintensity.*
+*Axial NECT shows globus pallidus mineralization bilaterally in a patient with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. CT is typically normal. T2 MR shows classic the eye of the tiger appearance with globus pallidus hypointensity related to iron accumulation with medial T2 hyperintensity.*
**CMV, Congenital**
@@ -267,25 +267,25 @@ breadcrumbs:
**CMV, Congenital**
*Axial NECT shows periventricular & BG Ca⁺⁺. Periventricular calcifications, ventriculomegaly, & microcephaly strongly suggest congenital CMV infection.*
-
+
**Toxoplasmosis, Acquired**
-*Axial CECT shows an enhancing BG mass in an AIDS patient. Post therapy, enhancing lesions typically calcify. BG is the most common location followed by thalamus, then hemispheres.*
+*Axial CECT shows an enhancing BG mass in an AIDS patient. Post therapy, enhancing lesions typically calcify. BG is the most common location followed by thalamus, then hemispheres.*
-
+
**Vascular Calcification (Mimic)**
-*Axial NECT shows intracranial atherosclerotic disease with extensive Ca⁺⁺ in internal carotid & middle cerebral arteries , which mimics BG Ca⁺⁺. Posterior fossa aneurysm is partially visible.*
+*Axial NECT shows intracranial atherosclerotic disease with extensive Ca⁺⁺ in internal carotid & middle cerebral arteries , which mimics BG Ca⁺⁺. Posterior fossa aneurysm is partially visible.*
-
+
**Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (Mimic)**
-*Axial NECT shows calcified subependymal nodules in the foramen of Monro & periventricular regions, which mimic BG Ca⁺⁺. These typically accompany cortical tubers , better seen on MR.*
+*Axial NECT shows calcified subependymal nodules in the foramen of Monro & periventricular regions, which mimic BG Ca⁺⁺. These typically accompany cortical tubers , better seen on MR.*
-
+
**Parasites, Miscellaneous**
-*Axial CECT shows a case of paragonimiasis with a hyperdense left BG nodule . This parasite often presents with conglomerated granulomas, which may hemorrhage. Multiple Ca⁺⁺ are common.*
+*Axial CECT shows a case of paragonimiasis with a hyperdense left BG nodule . This parasite often presents with conglomerated granulomas, which may hemorrhage. Multiple Ca⁺⁺ are common.*
-
+
**Neurocysticercosis**
-*Axial CECT shows a calcified left putamen nodule that represents the nodular, calcified (healed) stage of neurocysticercosis. Note the right external capsule cyst with a central "dot" representing a scolex.*
+*Axial CECT shows a calcified left putamen nodule that represents the nodular, calcified (healed) stage of neurocysticercosis. Note the right external capsule cyst with a central "dot" representing a scolex.*
**Pseudohypoparathyroidism**
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/benign-enlarged-subarachnoid-spaces_3da4fec0-6e87-4bcc-bd66-b4a5d1984f6e.md b/docs_md/articles/benign-enlarged-subarachnoid-spaces_3da4fec0-6e87-4bcc-bd66-b4a5d1984f6e.md
index a36b382..339e70b 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/benign-enlarged-subarachnoid-spaces_3da4fec0-6e87-4bcc-bd66-b4a5d1984f6e.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/benign-enlarged-subarachnoid-spaces_3da4fec0-6e87-4bcc-bd66-b4a5d1984f6e.md
@@ -406,47 +406,47 @@ DDX:558a9979-3a38-473f-a5f8-bf6b6d6538e2
*Axial graphic shows classic enlarged subarachnoid spaces (SAS) in a macrocephalic infant (head circumference > 95%). Note the symmetric enlargement with idiopathic enlargement of SAS during the 1st year of life.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows enlarged frontal & anterior interhemispheric pericerebral fluid spaces , mild ventriculomegaly, & right-sided posterior plagiocephaly in a 7-month-old boy with macrocephaly.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows enlarged frontal & anterior interhemispheric pericerebral fluid spaces , mild ventriculomegaly, & right-sided posterior plagiocephaly in a 7-month-old boy with macrocephaly.*
-
-*Coronal US in a 7-month-old boy with macrocrania shows enlarged SAS & normal ventricular size. Note the normal size of the sulci. This is a typical clinical history & imaging appearance for benign enlargement of the SAS.*
+
+*Coronal US in a 7-month-old boy with macrocrania shows enlarged SAS & normal ventricular size. Note the normal size of the sulci. This is a typical clinical history & imaging appearance for benign enlargement of the SAS.*
-
-*Coronal color Doppler US in a 4-month-old girl shows vessels traversing the enlarged SAS . Doppler US can be helpful to exclude subdural collections by demonstrating normal veins in the SAS.*
+
+*Coronal color Doppler US in a 4-month-old girl shows vessels traversing the enlarged SAS . Doppler US can be helpful to exclude subdural collections by demonstrating normal veins in the SAS.*
-
-*Coronal US in a 3 month old with macrocephaly shows prominent SAS as well as mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles . Mild lateral ventricular enlargement is common in benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces (BESSI).*
+
+*Coronal US in a 3 month old with macrocephaly shows prominent SAS as well as mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles . Mild lateral ventricular enlargement is common in benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces (BESSI).*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR in a 6 month old with macrocephaly shows symmetrically prominent bifrontal SAS with mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles . Mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles should not dissuade one from suggesting BESSI.*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR in a 6 month old with macrocephaly shows symmetrically prominent bifrontal SAS with mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles . Mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles should not dissuade one from suggesting BESSI.*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR at 13 months (left) & NECT at 5 years (right) of age show expected resolution of the enlarged SAS over a 4-year period. Enlarged SAS typically resolve by 24 months of age.*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR at 13 months (left) & NECT at 5 years (right) of age show expected resolution of the enlarged SAS over a 4-year period. Enlarged SAS typically resolve by 24 months of age.*
-
-*Coronal high-resolution US in a 4-month-old girl with macrocrania shows bilateral enlargement of the SAS . Also present are small, bilateral, subdural collections , which are anechoic compared to the SAS. Note the separation of the arachnoid membrane .*
+
+*Coronal high-resolution US in a 4-month-old girl with macrocrania shows bilateral enlargement of the SAS . Also present are small, bilateral, subdural collections , which are anechoic compared to the SAS. Note the separation of the arachnoid membrane .*
-
-*Axial PD MR in a 4-month-old girl with macrocrania shows enlarged SAS , which are isointense to the brain. Also note the small, bilateral, nonhemorrhagic, hyperintense subdural fluid collections .*
+
+*Axial PD MR in a 4-month-old girl with macrocrania shows enlarged SAS , which are isointense to the brain. Also note the small, bilateral, nonhemorrhagic, hyperintense subdural fluid collections .*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient shows symmetrically enlarged SAS as well as small, bilateral, nonhemorrhagic subdural fluid collections . Small, subdural fluid collections are seen in ~ 4% of patients with enlarged SAS.*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient shows symmetrically enlarged SAS as well as small, bilateral, nonhemorrhagic subdural fluid collections . Small, subdural fluid collections are seen in ~ 4% of patients with enlarged SAS.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial graphic shows classic enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces (SAS) in a macrocephalic infant. There is symmetric bifrontal enlargement of the SAS, which contain multiple bridging veins . Mild ventriculomegaly is present.*
+
+*Axial graphic shows classic enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces (SAS) in a macrocephalic infant. There is symmetric bifrontal enlargement of the SAS, which contain multiple bridging veins . Mild ventriculomegaly is present.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in a 6-month-old boy with enlarged SAS shows vessels coursing through the SAS. Note the lack of mass effect on the underlying brain parenchyma. There is mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles , a common finding in benign enlargement of the SAS.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in a 6-month-old boy with enlarged SAS shows vessels coursing through the SAS. Note the lack of mass effect on the underlying brain parenchyma. There is mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles , a common finding in benign enlargement of the SAS.*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR in the same 4-month-old girl with macrocrania shows symmetrically enlarged SAS as well as small to moderate, bilateral subdural fluid collections . The subdural collections are slightly hyperintense to the SAS. Small subdural fluid collections are seen in ~ 4% of patients with enlarged SAS.*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR in the same 4-month-old girl with macrocrania shows symmetrically enlarged SAS as well as small to moderate, bilateral subdural fluid collections . The subdural collections are slightly hyperintense to the SAS. Small subdural fluid collections are seen in ~ 4% of patients with enlarged SAS.*
-
-*Axial CECT shows enlarged SAS with enhancing traversing veins in a macrocephalic infant. This benign condition usually peaks at 7 months of age & resolves spontaneously by 12-24 months of age.*
+
+*Axial CECT shows enlarged SAS with enhancing traversing veins in a macrocephalic infant. This benign condition usually peaks at 7 months of age & resolves spontaneously by 12-24 months of age.*
*Axial T2 MR shows prominent frontal CSF spaces (craniocortical & interhemispheric) with mildly prominent ventricles in this macrocephalic infant. Note the squaring of the forehead, seen clinically as "frontal bossing." About 20-50% of cases have mild developmental delay (motor > > language), which nearly always resolves without therapy.*
@@ -454,15 +454,15 @@ DDX:558a9979-3a38-473f-a5f8-bf6b6d6538e2
*Axial NECT shows classic enlargement of SAS in this macrocephalic 5-month-old patient. Note the > 5-mm widening of the bifrontal craniocortical & anterior interhemispheric SAS.*
-
-*Axial CECT shows veins traversing the enlarged SAS.*
+
+*Axial CECT shows veins traversing the enlarged SAS.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows veins, represented by linear flow voids , traversing the enlarged SAS.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows veins, represented by linear flow voids , traversing the enlarged SAS.*
-
-*Coronal US shows dilated craniocortical SAS (note the space between the 2 markers) with veins traversing the SAS.*
+
+*Coronal US shows dilated craniocortical SAS (note the space between the 2 markers) with veins traversing the SAS.*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR shows markedly enlarged SAS with prominent ventricles & traversing bridging veins . Tiny, bilateral subdural collections are present .*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR shows markedly enlarged SAS with prominent ventricles & traversing bridging veins . Tiny, bilateral subdural collections are present .*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/cavum-septi-pellucidi-csp_02127bd4-1efa-4056-925e-f1a1bbadf154.md b/docs_md/articles/cavum-septi-pellucidi-csp_02127bd4-1efa-4056-925e-f1a1bbadf154.md
index ef3d2df..aad4361 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/cavum-septi-pellucidi-csp_02127bd4-1efa-4056-925e-f1a1bbadf154.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/cavum-septi-pellucidi-csp_02127bd4-1efa-4056-925e-f1a1bbadf154.md
@@ -278,42 +278,42 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Coronal graphic with axial insert shows classic cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) with cavum vergae (CV) . Note the finger-like CSF collection between the lateral ventricles.*
+
+*Coronal graphic with axial insert shows classic cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) with cavum vergae (CV) . Note the finger-like CSF collection between the lateral ventricles.*
-
-*Coronal graphic with axial insert shows classic cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) with cavum vergae (CV) . Note the finger-like CSF collection between the lateral ventricles.*
+
+*Coronal graphic with axial insert shows classic cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) with cavum vergae (CV) . Note the finger-like CSF collection between the lateral ventricles.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ SPGR MR shows a classic large CSP between the frontal horns . There is lateral bowing of the leaves of the septum pellucidum .*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ SPGR MR shows a classic large CSP between the frontal horns . There is lateral bowing of the leaves of the septum pellucidum .*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows cavum septi pellucidi between the leaves of the septum pellucidum . Although seen incidentally, some studies have reported that CSP is frequent among athletes with a history of repeated traumatic brain injury (TBI), such as boxers and American professional football players.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows cavum septi pellucidi between the leaves of the septum pellucidum . Although seen incidentally, some studies have reported that CSP is frequent among athletes with a history of repeated traumatic brain injury (TBI), such as boxers and American professional football players.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large CSP with CV as a large CSF collection between the leaves of the septum pellucidum continuing directly posteriorly with the CSF collection, splaying the fornices laterally .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a large CSP with CV as a large CSF collection between the leaves of the septum pellucidum continuing directly posteriorly with the CSF collection, splaying the fornices laterally .*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial NECT shows a variant of cavum septi pellucidi. Here, the CSP appears almost round .*
+
+*Axial NECT shows a variant of cavum septi pellucidi. Here, the CSP appears almost round .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a large CSP/CV that extends from just behind the corpus callosum genu all the way posteriorly to the splenium. The fornices are not visible, and the internal cerebral vein is flattened .*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a large CSP/CV that extends from just behind the corpus callosum genu all the way posteriorly to the splenium. The fornices are not visible, and the internal cerebral vein is flattened .*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows the large CSP bowing the leaves of the septum pellucidum laterally .*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows the large CSP bowing the leaves of the septum pellucidum laterally .*
-
-*Axial T1 MR shows a small cavum septi pellucidi with cavum vergae . Note the finger-like appearance of the CSF collection that lies between the frontal horns and bodies of the lateral ventricle.*
+
+*Axial T1 MR shows a small cavum septi pellucidi with cavum vergae . Note the finger-like appearance of the CSF collection that lies between the frontal horns and bodies of the lateral ventricle.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows a variant of a cavum septi pellucidi with cavum vergae. Note the large CSF collection between leaves of septum pellucidum continuing directly posteriorly with the CSF collection, splaying the fornices laterally .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows a variant of a cavum septi pellucidi with cavum vergae. Note the large CSF collection between leaves of septum pellucidum continuing directly posteriorly with the CSF collection, splaying the fornices laterally .*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows cavum septi pellucidi as a CSF collection between the leaves of the septum pellucidum . Although seen incidentally, some studies have reported that CSP is frequent among athletes with a history of repeated TBI, such as boxers and American professional football players.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows cavum septi pellucidi as a CSF collection between the leaves of the septum pellucidum . Although seen incidentally, some studies have reported that CSP is frequent among athletes with a history of repeated TBI, such as boxers and American professional football players.*
-
-*Coronal T1 MR shows a classic large CSP between the frontal horns , bowing the leaves of the septum pellucidum laterally .*
+
+*Coronal T1 MR shows a classic large CSP between the frontal horns , bowing the leaves of the septum pellucidum laterally .*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/cavum-velum-interpositum-cvi_849ee468-35c4-46e3-9297-96196109cdb8.md b/docs_md/articles/cavum-velum-interpositum-cvi_849ee468-35c4-46e3-9297-96196109cdb8.md
index eb5e6c2..f4dce4f 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/cavum-velum-interpositum-cvi_849ee468-35c4-46e3-9297-96196109cdb8.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/cavum-velum-interpositum-cvi_849ee468-35c4-46e3-9297-96196109cdb8.md
@@ -271,45 +271,45 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal graphic with axial insert shows a cavum velum interpositum (CVI). Note the elevation and splaying of the fornices . Also noted is the inferior displacement of the internal cerebral veins and 3rd ventricle .*
+
+*Sagittal graphic with axial insert shows a cavum velum interpositum (CVI). Note the elevation and splaying of the fornices . Also noted is the inferior displacement of the internal cerebral veins and 3rd ventricle .*
-
-*Sagittal graphic with axial insert shows a cavum velum interpositum (CVI). Note the elevation and splaying of the fornices . Also noted is the inferior displacement of the internal cerebral veins and 3rd ventricle .*
+
+*Sagittal graphic with axial insert shows a cavum velum interpositum (CVI). Note the elevation and splaying of the fornices . Also noted is the inferior displacement of the internal cerebral veins and 3rd ventricle .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows a classic CVI as a CSF-like enlargement that elevates the fornix and flattens and displaces the internal cerebral vein inferiorly. These are usually asymptomatic; however, large ones can cause CSF obstruction and can be treated by fenestration.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows a classic CVI as a CSF-like enlargement that elevates the fornix and flattens and displaces the internal cerebral vein inferiorly. These are usually asymptomatic; however, large ones can cause CSF obstruction and can be treated by fenestration.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in a 37-year-old man with headaches shows a triangular-shaped CSF collection between the lateral ventricles, spreading the fornices laterally .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in a 37-year-old man with headaches shows a triangular-shaped CSF collection between the lateral ventricles, spreading the fornices laterally .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows complete suppression of the CSF signal within the cyst similar to the lateral ventricles. Findings are consistent with a classic cavum velum interpositum. FLAIR and DWI distinguish between cavum velum interpositum and an epidermoid cyst.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows complete suppression of the CSF signal within the cyst similar to the lateral ventricles. Findings are consistent with a classic cavum velum interpositum. FLAIR and DWI distinguish between cavum velum interpositum and an epidermoid cyst.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows a cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) along with a very small cavum velum interpositum . Note that these 2 unrelated lesions do not communicate with each other. It is common to see a CSP with a cavum vergae; it is rare to see a CSP and a CVI in the same patient.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows a cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) along with a very small cavum velum interpositum . Note that these 2 unrelated lesions do not communicate with each other. It is common to see a CSP with a cavum vergae; it is rare to see a CSP and a CVI in the same patient.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows classic cavum velum interpositum that spreads the fornices apart.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows classic cavum velum interpositum that spreads the fornices apart.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows a small, triangular-shaped CSF space. Note the cavum velum interpositum interposed between the fornices and lateral ventricles. The CVI ends at the foramen of Monro.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows a small, triangular-shaped CSF space. Note the cavum velum interpositum interposed between the fornices and lateral ventricles. The CVI ends at the foramen of Monro.*
-
-*Axial T1 MR shows a very large cavum velum interpositum. Note the splaying of fornices and anterior displacement of the septum pellucidum . Mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles is seen.*
+
+*Axial T1 MR shows a very large cavum velum interpositum. Note the splaying of fornices and anterior displacement of the septum pellucidum . Mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles is seen.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows anterior/superior displacement of the fornix and inferior displacement of the 3rd ventricle . The corpus callosum is elevated and thinned.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows anterior/superior displacement of the fornix and inferior displacement of the 3rd ventricle . The corpus callosum is elevated and thinned.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in a 40-year-old woman with headaches shows CSF-like enlargement of the velum interpositum that elevates the fornix and flattens and displaces the internal cerebral vein inferiorly . This large CVI is probably unrelated to the patient's symptoms.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in a 40-year-old woman with headaches shows CSF-like enlargement of the velum interpositum that elevates the fornix and flattens and displaces the internal cerebral vein inferiorly . This large CVI is probably unrelated to the patient's symptoms.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in a 46-year-old woman with headaches shows a classic CVI with a triangular-shaped CSF collection , spreading the fornices laterally . The posterior location between the lateral ventricles is typical.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in a 46-year-old woman with headaches shows a classic CVI with a triangular-shaped CSF collection , spreading the fornices laterally . The posterior location between the lateral ventricles is typical.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows a variant CVI that elevates the fornix , flattens the internal cerebral vein , and extends into the quadrigeminal and suprasellar cisterns . This case probably represents an arachnoid cyst of the cavum velum interpositum.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows a variant CVI that elevates the fornix , flattens the internal cerebral vein , and extends into the quadrigeminal and suprasellar cisterns . This case probably represents an arachnoid cyst of the cavum velum interpositum.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/cidp_12e4033c-edc8-46ff-8081-3acc433cda78.md b/docs_md/articles/cidp_12e4033c-edc8-46ff-8081-3acc433cda78.md
index fa7877e..b3e665c 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/cidp_12e4033c-edc8-46ff-8081-3acc433cda78.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/cidp_12e4033c-edc8-46ff-8081-3acc433cda78.md
@@ -327,41 +327,41 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of the cervical spine shows marked hypertrophy and enhancement of all exiting cervical nerve roots . 5 mm is considered an adequate cut-off value of cervical spinal nerve root diameter, discriminating CIDP from controls. Mean diameter of spinal nerve roots in CIDP: Cervical 6-6.8 mm; lumbosacral 7.3-10.4 mm.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of the cervical spine shows marked hypertrophy and enhancement of all exiting cervical nerve roots . 5 mm is considered an adequate cut-off value of cervical spinal nerve root diameter, discriminating CIDP from controls. Mean diameter of spinal nerve roots in CIDP: Cervical 6-6.8 mm; lumbosacral 7.3-10.4 mm.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of the cervical spine shows marked hypertrophy and enhancement of all exiting cervical nerve roots . 5 mm is considered an adequate cut-off value of cervical spinal nerve root diameter, discriminating CIDP from controls. Mean diameter of spinal nerve roots in CIDP: Cervical 6-6.8 mm; lumbosacral 7.3-10.4 mm.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of the cervical spine shows marked hypertrophy and enhancement of all exiting cervical nerve roots . 5 mm is considered an adequate cut-off value of cervical spinal nerve root diameter, discriminating CIDP from controls. Mean diameter of spinal nerve roots in CIDP: Cervical 6-6.8 mm; lumbosacral 7.3-10.4 mm.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of the cervical spine shows marked hypertrophy and enhancement of all exiting cervical nerve roots . 5 mm is considered an adequate cut-off value of cervical spinal nerve root diameter, discriminating CIDP from controls. Mean diameter of spinal nerve roots in CIDP: Cervical 6-6.8 mm; lumbosacral 7.3-10.4 mm.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of the cervical spine shows marked hypertrophy and enhancement of all exiting cervical nerve roots . 5 mm is considered an adequate cut-off value of cervical spinal nerve root diameter, discriminating CIDP from controls. Mean diameter of spinal nerve roots in CIDP: Cervical 6-6.8 mm; lumbosacral 7.3-10.4 mm.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR reveals enlargement and T2 hyperintensity of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . High signal of CSF should be excluded while measuring nerve root size/area in T2 MR.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR reveals enlargement and T2 hyperintensity of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . High signal of CSF should be excluded while measuring nerve root size/area in T2 MR.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR reveals enlargement and T2 hyperintensity of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . High signal of CSF should be excluded while measuring nerve root size/area in T2 MR.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR reveals enlargement and T2 hyperintensity of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . High signal of CSF should be excluded while measuring nerve root size/area in T2 MR.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR depicts enlargement and abnormal enhancement of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . Blood-nerve barrier breakdown can cause contrast enhancement. Axon loss associated with demyelination is the most important factor of disability and resistance to treatment. Root hypertrophy also may cause stenosis symptoms.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR depicts enlargement and abnormal enhancement of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . Blood-nerve barrier breakdown can cause contrast enhancement. Axon loss associated with demyelination is the most important factor of disability and resistance to treatment. Root hypertrophy also may cause stenosis symptoms.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR depicts enlargement and abnormal enhancement of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . Blood-nerve barrier breakdown can cause contrast enhancement. Axon loss associated with demyelination is the most important factor of disability and resistance to treatment. Root hypertrophy also may cause stenosis symptoms.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR depicts enlargement and abnormal enhancement of exiting extradural lumbosacral nerves . Blood-nerve barrier breakdown can cause contrast enhancement. Axon loss associated with demyelination is the most important factor of disability and resistance to treatment. Root hypertrophy also may cause stenosis symptoms.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR demonstrates periventricular ovoid hyperintensities in a typical case of marked fusiform CIDP nerve enlargement with brain demyelination.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR demonstrates periventricular ovoid hyperintensities in a typical case of marked fusiform CIDP nerve enlargement with brain demyelination.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR demonstrates periventricular ovoid hyperintensities in a typical case of marked fusiform CIDP nerve enlargement with brain demyelination.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR demonstrates periventricular ovoid hyperintensities in a typical case of marked fusiform CIDP nerve enlargement with brain demyelination.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows thickening and enhancement of ventral and dorsal cauda equina nerve roots .*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows thickening and enhancement of ventral and dorsal cauda equina nerve roots .*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows thickening and enhancement of ventral and dorsal cauda equina nerve roots .*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows thickening and enhancement of ventral and dorsal cauda equina nerve roots .*
*Sagittal T2WI MR demonstrates diffuse thickening of the intradural cauda equina nerve roots.*
@@ -369,27 +369,27 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Sagittal T2WI MR demonstrates diffuse thickening of the intradural cauda equina nerve roots.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR of the brain in a CIDP patient shows a typical paraventricular demyelinating lesion similar to those seen in multiple sclerosis patients.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR of the brain in a CIDP patient shows a typical paraventricular demyelinating lesion similar to those seen in multiple sclerosis patients.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR of the brain in a CIDP patient shows a typical paraventricular demyelinating lesion similar to those seen in multiple sclerosis patients.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR of the brain in a CIDP patient shows a typical paraventricular demyelinating lesion similar to those seen in multiple sclerosis patients.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR depicts enlarged lumbar nerve roots extending into extraforaminal ventral primary rami .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR depicts enlarged lumbar nerve roots extending into extraforaminal ventral primary rami .*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR depicts enlarged lumbar nerve roots extending into extraforaminal ventral primary rami .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR depicts enlarged lumbar nerve roots extending into extraforaminal ventral primary rami .*
*Axial T2WI MR shows diffuse thickening and hyperintensity of thoracic nerve roots and paraspinal intercostal nerves.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR reveals bilateral symmetric enlargement, hyperintensity of cervical nerve roots and brachial plexus .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR reveals bilateral symmetric enlargement, hyperintensity of cervical nerve roots and brachial plexus .*
*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR demonstrates diffuse pial thickening and enhancement extending into the cauda equina nerve roots. Clinical course distinguished from Guillain-Barré (AIDP).*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows marked enlargement of the lumbar/sacral nerve roots and lumbosacral trunk .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows marked enlargement of the lumbar/sacral nerve roots and lumbosacral trunk .*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/cisterna-magna-mass_047add0c-7e4f-40a0-9933-8d6fa00a24f7.md b/docs_md/articles/cisterna-magna-mass_047add0c-7e4f-40a0-9933-8d6fa00a24f7.md
index 1048ea6..bb7889c 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/cisterna-magna-mass_047add0c-7e4f-40a0-9933-8d6fa00a24f7.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/cisterna-magna-mass_047add0c-7e4f-40a0-9933-8d6fa00a24f7.md
@@ -196,158 +196,158 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a cystic mass with an enhancing nodule , consistent with hemangioblastoma, pushing the tonsils inferiorly through the foramen magnum . Note effaced 4th ventricle , enlarged foramen of Monro , and enlarged 3rd and lateral ventricles, consistent with obstructive hydrocephalus.*
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a cystic mass with an enhancing nodule , consistent with hemangioblastoma, pushing the tonsils inferiorly through the foramen magnum . Note effaced 4th ventricle , enlarged foramen of Monro , and enlarged 3rd and lateral ventricles, consistent with obstructive hydrocephalus.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a cystic mass with an enhancing nodule , consistent with hemangioblastoma, pushing the tonsils inferiorly through the foramen magnum . Note effaced 4th ventricle , enlarged foramen of Monro , and enlarged 3rd and lateral ventricles, consistent with obstructive hydrocephalus.*
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a cystic mass with an enhancing nodule , consistent with hemangioblastoma, pushing the tonsils inferiorly through the foramen magnum . Note effaced 4th ventricle , enlarged foramen of Monro , and enlarged 3rd and lateral ventricles, consistent with obstructive hydrocephalus.*
-
+
**Chiari 1**
-*Sagittal T2 MR in a patient with occipital headaches shows a significantly pointed configuration of a low-lying cerebellar tonsil to the level of the midposterior ring of C2. Notice also the dorsally tilted dens , effacement of CSF at the foramen magnum, and associated cervicothoracic syrinx .*
+*Sagittal T2 MR in a patient with occipital headaches shows a significantly pointed configuration of a low-lying cerebellar tonsil to the level of the midposterior ring of C2. Notice also the dorsally tilted dens , effacement of CSF at the foramen magnum, and associated cervicothoracic syrinx .*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Sagittal T2 MR shows a small posterior fossa with extension of the cerebellar peg through the foramen magnum to the level of C6. The cervicomedullary junction and 4th ventricle are low-lying and there is mild tectal beaking and moderate prominence of the massa intermedia .*
+*Sagittal T2 MR shows a small posterior fossa with extension of the cerebellar peg through the foramen magnum to the level of C6. The cervicomedullary junction and 4th ventricle are low-lying and there is mild tectal beaking and moderate prominence of the massa intermedia .*
-
+
**Dandy-Walker Continuum**
-*Sagittal T2 MR demonstrates a markedly enlarged posterior fossa with cystic dilatation of the 4th ventricle , upward rotation of severely hypoplastic vermis , markedly enlarged posterior fossa, and elevated torcula.*
+*Sagittal T2 MR demonstrates a markedly enlarged posterior fossa with cystic dilatation of the 4th ventricle , upward rotation of severely hypoplastic vermis , markedly enlarged posterior fossa, and elevated torcula.*
-
+
**Arachnoid Cyst**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a CSF isointense arachnoid cyst filling the lower posterior fossa, effacing the cisterna magna, flattening the cervicomedullary junction , and extending caudally into the upper cervical canal.*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a CSF isointense arachnoid cyst filling the lower posterior fossa, effacing the cisterna magna, flattening the cervicomedullary junction , and extending caudally into the upper cervical canal.*
-
+
**Ependymoma**
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows enhancing tissue extruding through the foramen of Magendie, filling the cisterna magna . Resultant obstruction has caused enlargement of the cerebral aqueduct and dilated 3rd ventricle .*
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows enhancing tissue extruding through the foramen of Magendie, filling the cisterna magna . Resultant obstruction has caused enlargement of the cerebral aqueduct and dilated 3rd ventricle .*
-
+
**Meningioma**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR demonstrates dural-based tumor with significant mass effect compressing and displacing the cerebellum. Note the trapped CSF clefts . The tumor encroaches on the cisterna magna.*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR demonstrates dural-based tumor with significant mass effect compressing and displacing the cerebellum. Note the trapped CSF clefts . The tumor encroaches on the cisterna magna.*
-
+
**Metastasis**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a typical case of primary CNS lymphoma with subependymal tumor spread. Note a posterior fossa mass near the foramen of Luschka as well as a 2nd dural-based mass .*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a typical case of primary CNS lymphoma with subependymal tumor spread. Note a posterior fossa mass near the foramen of Luschka as well as a 2nd dural-based mass .*
-
+
**Intracranial Hypotension**
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows obliteration of the suprasellar cistern , sagging/fat midbrain with closed angle between the peduncles and the pons , dural enhancement , and tonsillar descent with effacement of the cisterna magna.*
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows obliteration of the suprasellar cistern , sagging/fat midbrain with closed angle between the peduncles and the pons , dural enhancement , and tonsillar descent with effacement of the cisterna magna.*
-
+
**Subependymoma**
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR in 40-year-old man shows an enhancing mass at the bottom of the 4th ventricle filling the cisterna magna.*
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR in 40-year-old man shows an enhancing mass at the bottom of the 4th ventricle filling the cisterna magna.*
-
+
**Epidermoid Cyst**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a typical case of a large 4th ventricular epidermoid cyst , which follows CSF intensity but is often slightly brighter and mildly heterogeneous in signal.*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a typical case of a large 4th ventricular epidermoid cyst , which follows CSF intensity but is often slightly brighter and mildly heterogeneous in signal.*
-
+
**Dermoid Cyst**
-*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates a T2- hyperintense mass encroaching laterally upon the ventral CSF at the foramen magnum. There was evidence of rupture (not shown) causing recurrent meningitis.*
+*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates a T2- hyperintense mass encroaching laterally upon the ventral CSF at the foramen magnum. There was evidence of rupture (not shown) causing recurrent meningitis.*
-
+
**Hemangioblastoma**
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows an enhancing vermian mass protruding through the foramen magnum . An associated cyst is deforming the 4th ventricle .*
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows an enhancing vermian mass protruding through the foramen magnum . An associated cyst is deforming the 4th ventricle .*
-
+
**Neurenteric Cyst**
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a neurenteric cyst encroaching upon the prepontine cistern. Although most often these are located anteriorly, they may arise posteriorly at the cisterna magnum.*
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows a neurenteric cyst encroaching upon the prepontine cistern. Although most often these are located anteriorly, they may arise posteriorly at the cisterna magnum.*
### Additional Images
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a small posterior fossa with extension of the cerebellar peg through the foramen magnum to the level of C3. The cervicomedullary junction and 4th ventricle are low-lying, and there is tectal beaking .*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a small posterior fossa with extension of the cerebellar peg through the foramen magnum to the level of C3. The cervicomedullary junction and 4th ventricle are low-lying, and there is tectal beaking .*
-
+
**Dandy-Walker Continuum**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR demonstrates a markedly enlarged posterior fossa with cystic dilatation of the 4th ventricle , upwardly rotated hypoplastic vermis , and low-lying torcular Herophili .*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR demonstrates a markedly enlarged posterior fossa with cystic dilatation of the 4th ventricle , upwardly rotated hypoplastic vermis , and low-lying torcular Herophili .*
-
+
**Chiari 1**
-*Sagittal T2 MR in a patient with occipital headaches shows a significantly pointed configuration of a low-lying cerebellar tonsil to the level of the midposterior ring of C2. Notice also the dorsally tilted dens and effacement of CSF at the foramen magnum.*
+*Sagittal T2 MR in a patient with occipital headaches shows a significantly pointed configuration of a low-lying cerebellar tonsil to the level of the midposterior ring of C2. Notice also the dorsally tilted dens and effacement of CSF at the foramen magnum.*
-
+
**Chiari 1**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows inferior extension of the peg-like cerebellar tonsils well below the level of the foramen magnum , consistent with Chiari 1.*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows inferior extension of the peg-like cerebellar tonsils well below the level of the foramen magnum , consistent with Chiari 1.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Axial T2WI MR at the level of the foramen magnum demonstrates downward tonsillar herniation secondary to mass affect from brain death.*
+*Axial T2WI MR at the level of the foramen magnum demonstrates downward tonsillar herniation secondary to mass affect from brain death.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows cerebellar tonsillar herniation from a large left posterior fossa mass. Note compression of 4th ventricle . Supratentorial ventricles are enlarged .*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows cerebellar tonsillar herniation from a large left posterior fossa mass. Note compression of 4th ventricle . Supratentorial ventricles are enlarged .*
-
+
**Chiari 1**
-*Sagittal CINE phase-contrast CSF flow - diastolic shows diminished posterior CSF flow compared to anterior CSF flow at the site of tonsillar impaction.*
+*Sagittal CINE phase-contrast CSF flow - diastolic shows diminished posterior CSF flow compared to anterior CSF flow at the site of tonsillar impaction.*
-
+
**Chiari 1**
-*Sagittal T2WI MR shows a classic case of Chiari 1 with pointed cerebellar tonsils protruding through the foramen magnum and effacing the cisterna magna.*
+*Sagittal T2WI MR shows a classic case of Chiari 1 with pointed cerebellar tonsils protruding through the foramen magnum and effacing the cisterna magna.*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Sagittal T2WI MR shows a small posterior fossa with caudal descent of cerebellar tonsillar tissue , elongation of the 4th ventricle , and cervical cord syrinx .*
+*Sagittal T2WI MR shows a small posterior fossa with caudal descent of cerebellar tonsillar tissue , elongation of the 4th ventricle , and cervical cord syrinx .*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Axial FSPGR image demonstrates caudally displaced cerebellar tissue wrapping around the brainstem. This is sometimes referred to as a "creeping cerebellum" due to a small posterior fossa.*
+*Axial FSPGR image demonstrates caudally displaced cerebellar tissue wrapping around the brainstem. This is sometimes referred to as a "creeping cerebellum" due to a small posterior fossa.*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows caudal descent of cerebellar vermian tissue and elongated 4th ventricle as well as callosal dysgenesis and a small posterior fossa.*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows caudal descent of cerebellar vermian tissue and elongated 4th ventricle as well as callosal dysgenesis and a small posterior fossa.*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a small posterior fossa with extension of the vermis through the foramen magnum to the level of C1/2 . The 4th ventricle is small , and there is tectal beaking .*
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a small posterior fossa with extension of the vermis through the foramen magnum to the level of C1/2 . The 4th ventricle is small , and there is tectal beaking .*
-
+
**Dandy-Walker Continuum**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows a normal 4th ventricle and vermis; however, there is a prominent retrocerebellar CSF space , which does not cause compression but does remodel endosteum, leading to mega cisterna magna.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows a normal 4th ventricle and vermis; however, there is a prominent retrocerebellar CSF space , which does not cause compression but does remodel endosteum, leading to mega cisterna magna.*
-
+
**Arachnoid Cyst**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR demonstrates a CSF-intensity arachnoid cyst remodeling the endosteum and filling the cisterna magna .*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR demonstrates a CSF-intensity arachnoid cyst remodeling the endosteum and filling the cisterna magna .*
-
+
**Ependymoma**
-*Sagittal T2WI MR shows heterogeneous features of an ependymoma. Focal hyperintense regions correspond to focal necrosis and hypointense regions correlate to calcification .*
+*Sagittal T2WI MR shows heterogeneous features of an ependymoma. Focal hyperintense regions correspond to focal necrosis and hypointense regions correlate to calcification .*
-
+
**Ependymoma**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a heterogeneously enhancing ependymoma containing cystic elements .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a heterogeneously enhancing ependymoma containing cystic elements .*
-
+
**Ependymoma**
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows an enhancing mass expanding the 4th ventricle . The mass is also distending the obex and protruding through the foramen of Magendie into the cisterna magna .*
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows an enhancing mass expanding the 4th ventricle . The mass is also distending the obex and protruding through the foramen of Magendie into the cisterna magna .*
-
+
**Meningioma**
-*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates a posterior fossa meningioma with significant mass effect upon the cerebellum with interposed trapped CSF clefts and vessels .*
+*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates a posterior fossa meningioma with significant mass effect upon the cerebellum with interposed trapped CSF clefts and vessels .*
-
+
**Meningioma**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR of a meningioma shows an avidly enhancing, dural-based mass splaying the cerebellar hemispheres, flattening the 4th ventricle , with dural tail .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR of a meningioma shows an avidly enhancing, dural-based mass splaying the cerebellar hemispheres, flattening the 4th ventricle , with dural tail .*
-
+
**Metastasis**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR demonstrates the diffuse enhancement of meningeal carcinomatosis from metastatic xanthoastrocytoma spread throughout the posterior fossa, folia, and also more cephalad.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR demonstrates the diffuse enhancement of meningeal carcinomatosis from metastatic xanthoastrocytoma spread throughout the posterior fossa, folia, and also more cephalad.*
-
+
**Intracranial Hypotension**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows tonsillar descent and dural thickening secondary to intracranial hypotension.*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows tonsillar descent and dural thickening secondary to intracranial hypotension.*
-
+
**Epidermoid Cyst**
-*Axial DWI MR shows a hyperintense mass in the midline posterior fossa.*
+*Axial DWI MR shows a hyperintense mass in the midline posterior fossa.*
-
+
**Hemangioblastoma**
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR demonstrates a mostly solid hemangioblastoma involving the cerebellar tonsils and effacing the cisterna magna.*
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR demonstrates a mostly solid hemangioblastoma involving the cerebellar tonsils and effacing the cisterna magna.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/clippers_ba394f3b-bbff-4128-90b5-3e1c07564c5f.md b/docs_md/articles/clippers_ba394f3b-bbff-4128-90b5-3e1c07564c5f.md
index bd2043a..ee8f4fc 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/clippers_ba394f3b-bbff-4128-90b5-3e1c07564c5f.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/clippers_ba394f3b-bbff-4128-90b5-3e1c07564c5f.md
@@ -275,72 +275,72 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a 56-year-old woman with weight loss and a 3-week history of diplopia and disequilibrium shows confluent and punctate hyperintensities in the pons and medulla .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a 56-year-old woman with weight loss and a 3-week history of diplopia and disequilibrium shows confluent and punctate hyperintensities in the pons and medulla .*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a 56-year-old woman with weight loss and a 3-week history of diplopia and disequilibrium shows confluent and punctate hyperintensities in the pons and medulla .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a 56-year-old woman with weight loss and a 3-week history of diplopia and disequilibrium shows confluent and punctate hyperintensities in the pons and medulla .*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a 56-year-old woman with weight loss and a 3-week history of diplopia and disequilibrium shows confluent and punctate hyperintensities in the pons and medulla .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a 56-year-old woman with weight loss and a 3-week history of diplopia and disequilibrium shows confluent and punctate hyperintensities in the pons and medulla .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows multiple punctate and curvilinear enhancing foci "peppering" the pons . Additional lesions are present in both cerebellar peduncles, vermis, and the left cerebellar hemisphere.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows multiple punctate and curvilinear enhancing foci "peppering" the pons . Additional lesions are present in both cerebellar peduncles, vermis, and the left cerebellar hemisphere.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows multiple punctate and curvilinear enhancing foci "peppering" the pons . Additional lesions are present in both cerebellar peduncles, vermis, and the left cerebellar hemisphere.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows multiple punctate and curvilinear enhancing foci "peppering" the pons . Additional lesions are present in both cerebellar peduncles, vermis, and the left cerebellar hemisphere.*
-
-*More cephalad T1 C+ MR scan in the same patient shows the punctate and curvilinear lesions involving the upper pons.*
+
+*More cephalad T1 C+ MR scan in the same patient shows the punctate and curvilinear lesions involving the upper pons.*
-
-*More cephalad T1 C+ MR scan in the same patient shows the punctate and curvilinear lesions involving the upper pons.*
+
+*More cephalad T1 C+ MR scan in the same patient shows the punctate and curvilinear lesions involving the upper pons.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the lesions "peppering" the pons. Note cephalad extension into the cerebral peduncles and inferior extension into the medulla and upper cervical cord . DSA (not shown) was negative. The lesions resolved with corticosteroids, so this is a presumed case of CLIPPERS.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the lesions "peppering" the pons. Note cephalad extension into the cerebral peduncles and inferior extension into the medulla and upper cervical cord . DSA (not shown) was negative. The lesions resolved with corticosteroids, so this is a presumed case of CLIPPERS.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the lesions "peppering" the pons. Note cephalad extension into the cerebral peduncles and inferior extension into the medulla and upper cervical cord . DSA (not shown) was negative. The lesions resolved with corticosteroids, so this is a presumed case of CLIPPERS.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the lesions "peppering" the pons. Note cephalad extension into the cerebral peduncles and inferior extension into the medulla and upper cervical cord . DSA (not shown) was negative. The lesions resolved with corticosteroids, so this is a presumed case of CLIPPERS.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR in a 52-year-old man with diplopia, dysarthria, and facial numbness shows confluent hyperintensity in the pons .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR in a 52-year-old man with diplopia, dysarthria, and facial numbness shows confluent hyperintensity in the pons .*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR in a 52-year-old man with diplopia, dysarthria, and facial numbness shows confluent hyperintensity in the pons .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR in a 52-year-old man with diplopia, dysarthria, and facial numbness shows confluent hyperintensity in the pons .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows scattered, faint, punctate enhancing foci as well as larger confluent, nodular , and partial ring-enhancing lesions in the pons.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows scattered, faint, punctate enhancing foci as well as larger confluent, nodular , and partial ring-enhancing lesions in the pons.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows scattered, faint, punctate enhancing foci as well as larger confluent, nodular , and partial ring-enhancing lesions in the pons.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows scattered, faint, punctate enhancing foci as well as larger confluent, nodular , and partial ring-enhancing lesions in the pons.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large, confluent, patchy enhancing lesions in the pons. Differential diagnosis included lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, vasculitis, and CLIPPERS. The patient improved on steroids.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large, confluent, patchy enhancing lesions in the pons. Differential diagnosis included lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, vasculitis, and CLIPPERS. The patient improved on steroids.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large, confluent, patchy enhancing lesions in the pons. Differential diagnosis included lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, vasculitis, and CLIPPERS. The patient improved on steroids.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large, confluent, patchy enhancing lesions in the pons. Differential diagnosis included lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, vasculitis, and CLIPPERS. The patient improved on steroids.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR in the same patient obtained a year later when symptoms relapsed off steroids shows multiple punctate hyperintensities "peppering" the pons and medulla . Note extension into upper spinal cord .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR in the same patient obtained a year later when symptoms relapsed off steroids shows multiple punctate hyperintensities "peppering" the pons and medulla . Note extension into upper spinal cord .*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR in the same patient obtained a year later when symptoms relapsed off steroids shows multiple punctate hyperintensities "peppering" the pons and medulla . Note extension into upper spinal cord .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR in the same patient obtained a year later when symptoms relapsed off steroids shows multiple punctate hyperintensities "peppering" the pons and medulla . Note extension into upper spinal cord .*
-
-*Axial T1 C + FS MR in the same patient shows small, punctate foci of enhancement "peppering" the pons, cerebellar peduncles.*
+
+*Axial T1 C + FS MR in the same patient shows small, punctate foci of enhancement "peppering" the pons, cerebellar peduncles.*
-
-*Axial T1 C + FS MR in the same patient shows small, punctate foci of enhancement "peppering" the pons, cerebellar peduncles.*
+
+*Axial T1 C + FS MR in the same patient shows small, punctate foci of enhancement "peppering" the pons, cerebellar peduncles.*
-
-*More inferior T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows additional small enhancing foci in the medulla .*
+
+*More inferior T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows additional small enhancing foci in the medulla .*
-
-*More cephalad T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows additional lesions in the midbrain and medial temporal lobe .*
+
+*More cephalad T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows additional lesions in the midbrain and medial temporal lobe .*
-
-*More cephalad T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows a solitary enhancing lesion in the subcortical white matter of the "hand knob." One of the cerebellar lesions was biopsied and disclosed CD4+ T-cell perivascular infiltrates, consistent with CLIPPERS. In rare cases, CLIPPERS initially manifests as a more mass-like confluent pontine lesion before the typical peppering pattern emerges.*
+
+*More cephalad T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows a solitary enhancing lesion in the subcortical white matter of the "hand knob." One of the cerebellar lesions was biopsied and disclosed CD4+ T-cell perivascular infiltrates, consistent with CLIPPERS. In rare cases, CLIPPERS initially manifests as a more mass-like confluent pontine lesion before the typical peppering pattern emerges.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/corpus-callosum-impingement-syndrome_e84adf32-bae3-47d5-b368-489f413f6aea.md b/docs_md/articles/corpus-callosum-impingement-syndrome_e84adf32-bae3-47d5-b368-489f413f6aea.md
index 3f2d2e5..815d24e 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/corpus-callosum-impingement-syndrome_e84adf32-bae3-47d5-b368-489f413f6aea.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/corpus-callosum-impingement-syndrome_e84adf32-bae3-47d5-b368-489f413f6aea.md
@@ -291,15 +291,15 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with longstanding severe obstructive hydrocephalus demonstrates markedly dilated lateral ventricle with upward displacement and thinning of the corpus callosum (CC) . Note the shunt catheter , which was placed immediately before the scan.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with longstanding severe obstructive hydrocephalus demonstrates markedly dilated lateral ventricle with upward displacement and thinning of the corpus callosum (CC) . Note the shunt catheter , which was placed immediately before the scan.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient 7 days after placement of the shunt catheter shows patchy areas of low signal in the CC . Lateral ventricles are now decompressed, and there is no mass effect on the CC.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient 7 days after placement of the shunt catheter shows patchy areas of low signal in the CC . Lateral ventricles are now decompressed, and there is no mass effect on the CC.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient 7 days following placement of the shunt catheter demonstrates ill-defined hyperintensities in the body of the CC as well as in the periventricular white matter . Note decompressed lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient 7 days following placement of the shunt catheter demonstrates ill-defined hyperintensities in the body of the CC as well as in the periventricular white matter . Note decompressed lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient 1 month after placement of the shunt shows mild decrease in the hyperintensities in the CC as well as the periventricular white matter with further decompression of the lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient 1 month after placement of the shunt shows mild decrease in the hyperintensities in the CC as well as the periventricular white matter with further decompression of the lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/csf-shunts-and-complications_1027d634-92ff-47c1-8266-a7fc3acd1529.md b/docs_md/articles/csf-shunts-and-complications_1027d634-92ff-47c1-8266-a7fc3acd1529.md
index 522d4ca..c48d146 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/csf-shunts-and-complications_1027d634-92ff-47c1-8266-a7fc3acd1529.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/csf-shunts-and-complications_1027d634-92ff-47c1-8266-a7fc3acd1529.md
@@ -454,74 +454,74 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Lateral skull radiograph of acute ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failure from a plain radiograph shunt series demonstrates a mechanical shunt catheter disconnection between the programmable valve and the reservoir.*
+
+*Lateral skull radiograph of acute ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failure from a plain radiograph shunt series demonstrates a mechanical shunt catheter disconnection between the programmable valve and the reservoir.*
-
-*Lateral skull radiograph of acute ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failure from a plain radiograph shunt series demonstrates a mechanical shunt catheter disconnection between the programmable valve and the reservoir.*
+
+*Lateral skull radiograph of acute ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failure from a plain radiograph shunt series demonstrates a mechanical shunt catheter disconnection between the programmable valve and the reservoir.*
-
-*Axial bone CT in the same patient reveals the mechanical catheter disconnection between the reservoir and the programmable shunt valve. This finding had not appeared on the most recent comparison CT scan (not shown).*
+
+*Axial bone CT in the same patient reveals the mechanical catheter disconnection between the reservoir and the programmable shunt valve. This finding had not appeared on the most recent comparison CT scan (not shown).*
*AP radiograph from a shunt series demonstrates intracardiac migration of the VP shunt catheter with the tip residing in the right interlobar pulmonary artery.*
-
-*AP radiograph of the pelvis in a 4 year old with a VP shunt who presented with left scrotal swelling demonstrates a coiled distal shunt catheter in the left scrotum. The migration of the catheter to the scrotum is due to a patent processus vaginalis.*
+
+*AP radiograph of the pelvis in a 4 year old with a VP shunt who presented with left scrotal swelling demonstrates a coiled distal shunt catheter in the left scrotum. The migration of the catheter to the scrotum is due to a patent processus vaginalis.*
*Axial NECT depicts symmetric interstitial edema within the periventricular white matter. Ventricular size is significantly larger than demonstrated on a prior CT (not shown), supporting the diagnosis of acute shunt failure.*
-
-*Axial NECT in a patient with VP shunt who presented with severe headaches shows collapsed lateral ventricles . Slit ventricle syndrome presents as severe headaches due to noncompliant ventricles and should not be confused with radiologic slit ventricles.*
+
+*Axial NECT in a patient with VP shunt who presented with severe headaches shows collapsed lateral ventricles . Slit ventricle syndrome presents as severe headaches due to noncompliant ventricles and should not be confused with radiologic slit ventricles.*
-
-*Coronal bone CT demonstrates fracture or disconnection of the ventricular catheter from the reservoir resulting in clinical shunt failure (larger ventricles on NECT).*
+
+*Coronal bone CT demonstrates fracture or disconnection of the ventricular catheter from the reservoir resulting in clinical shunt failure (larger ventricles on NECT).*
-
-*Axial NECT following bilateral ventricular catheter placement in a patient with severe hydrocephalus (HCP) and brain atrophy reveals development of a large left subdural hematoma following VP shunting.*
+
+*Axial NECT following bilateral ventricular catheter placement in a patient with severe hydrocephalus (HCP) and brain atrophy reveals development of a large left subdural hematoma following VP shunting.*
-
-*Axial NECT in a patient with HCP presenting with distal VP shunt failure shows the peritoneal catheter tip within a loculated pelvic fluid collection (CSF pseudocyst ).*
+
+*Axial NECT in a patient with HCP presenting with distal VP shunt failure shows the peritoneal catheter tip within a loculated pelvic fluid collection (CSF pseudocyst ).*
-
-*Frontal cisternogram-radionuclide shuntogram examination performed after injecting the shunt valve reservoir reveals no spillage from the distal catheter after 10 minutes. Further delayed imaging (not shown) confirmed absence of spillage from the catheter, substantiating distal shunt obstruction.*
+
+*Frontal cisternogram-radionuclide shuntogram examination performed after injecting the shunt valve reservoir reveals no spillage from the distal catheter after 10 minutes. Further delayed imaging (not shown) confirmed absence of spillage from the catheter, substantiating distal shunt obstruction.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Lateral radiograph from a plain film shunt series in an infant with acute shunt failure demonstrates that the ventricular catheter has pulled out of the head and is lying along the distal catheter within the scalp (tip ).*
+
+*Lateral radiograph from a plain film shunt series in an infant with acute shunt failure demonstrates that the ventricular catheter has pulled out of the head and is lying along the distal catheter within the scalp (tip ).*
-
-*AP radiograph in a patient with chest pain after ventriculopleural (VPL) shunt placement depicts a right pneumothorax related to the shunt placement. Note the abandoned catheter fragment from a prior VP shunt system.*
+
+*AP radiograph in a patient with chest pain after ventriculopleural (VPL) shunt placement depicts a right pneumothorax related to the shunt placement. Note the abandoned catheter fragment from a prior VP shunt system.*
-
-*AP radiography indicates a large left pleural effusion in a symptomatic child with a left VPL shunt catheter .*
+
+*AP radiography indicates a large left pleural effusion in a symptomatic child with a left VPL shunt catheter .*
-
-*Axial CECT of the pelvis in a shunted patient with HCP presenting with acute shunt failure, fever, and abdominal pain shows the peritoneal VP shunt catheter residing within a rim-enhancing pelvic fluid collection that represents a pelvic abscess secondary to perforated appendicitis.*
+
+*Axial CECT of the pelvis in a shunted patient with HCP presenting with acute shunt failure, fever, and abdominal pain shows the peritoneal VP shunt catheter residing within a rim-enhancing pelvic fluid collection that represents a pelvic abscess secondary to perforated appendicitis.*
-
-*Axial NECT in a patient with HCP presenting with shunt failure shows the peritoneal VP shunt catheter tip residing within a large loculated pelvic fluid collection (CSF pseudocyst).*
+
+*Axial NECT in a patient with HCP presenting with shunt failure shows the peritoneal VP shunt catheter tip residing within a large loculated pelvic fluid collection (CSF pseudocyst).*
-
-*Axial T2 MR depicts reservoir , shunt tubing , collapsed left lateral ventricle, and dilated isolated right lateral ventricle with associated interstitial transependymal edema .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR depicts reservoir , shunt tubing , collapsed left lateral ventricle, and dilated isolated right lateral ventricle with associated interstitial transependymal edema .*
-
-*Axial NECT in a patient with posthemorrhagic HCP following contrast injection through the right ventricular catheter shows contrast within the isolated right ventricle but no contrast transit into either the left lateral or 3rd ventricle .*
+
+*Axial NECT in a patient with posthemorrhagic HCP following contrast injection through the right ventricular catheter shows contrast within the isolated right ventricle but no contrast transit into either the left lateral or 3rd ventricle .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows the sequelae of CSF overdrainage leading to bilateral subdural hematomas and ventricular collapse following shunt placement.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows the sequelae of CSF overdrainage leading to bilateral subdural hematomas and ventricular collapse following shunt placement.*
*Axial NECT of the brain shows development of bilateral subdural hematohygromata following shunting of severe obstructive HCP.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of a patient with intracranial hypotension shows obliteration of the suprasellar cistern, sagging fat midbrain with a closed angle between peduncles/pons , dural enhancement, and tonsillar descent.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR of a patient with intracranial hypotension shows obliteration of the suprasellar cistern, sagging fat midbrain with a closed angle between peduncles/pons , dural enhancement, and tonsillar descent.*
-
-*AP radiography in patient with a VP shunt and acute shunt failure reveals fractured shunt tubing .*
+
+*AP radiography in patient with a VP shunt and acute shunt failure reveals fractured shunt tubing .*
*AP radiography shows a disconnected and caudally migrated peritoneal shunt catheter fragment looped within the pelvis.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/demyelinating-diseases_e3ba880e-d924-4594-a6f4-c21c5f1f0ae7.md b/docs_md/articles/demyelinating-diseases_e3ba880e-d924-4594-a6f4-c21c5f1f0ae7.md
index 4edeec3..339f98c 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/demyelinating-diseases_e3ba880e-d924-4594-a6f4-c21c5f1f0ae7.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/demyelinating-diseases_e3ba880e-d924-4594-a6f4-c21c5f1f0ae7.md
@@ -328,56 +328,56 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Sagittal T2 MR in a 9-year-old with optic neuritis shows multiple ill-defined hyperintensities in the medulla & cervical cord. Subsequent serum testing revealed antibodies to aquaporin 4, confirming a diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD).*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR through the orbits shows diffuse bilateral optic nerve enhancement in this 9-year-old with vision loss. Clinical features were suggestive of NMOSD, but CSF analysis confirmed anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) disease.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR through the orbits shows diffuse bilateral optic nerve enhancement in this 9-year-old with vision loss. Clinical features were suggestive of NMOSD, but CSF analysis confirmed anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) disease.*
-
-*Axial NECT in a 16-year-old with progressive left-sided weakness after minor trauma shows a large, low-attenuation white matter lesion in the anterior right frontal lobe & a smaller one near the right motor strip .*
+
+*Axial NECT in a 16-year-old with progressive left-sided weakness after minor trauma shows a large, low-attenuation white matter lesion in the anterior right frontal lobe & a smaller one near the right motor strip .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows the borders of the large lesion nearest to the cortex to be nonenhancing as compared to the other margins . This open ring appearance can help distinguish tumefactive MS from abscess or neoplasm (which more typically have complete ring enhancement).*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows the borders of the large lesion nearest to the cortex to be nonenhancing as compared to the other margins . This open ring appearance can help distinguish tumefactive MS from abscess or neoplasm (which more typically have complete ring enhancement).*
### Additional Images
-
-*Sagittal graphic illustrates MS plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, & spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
+
+*Sagittal graphic illustrates MS plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, & spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows numerous MS plaques with typical perpendicular orientation at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules ("Dawson fingers") as well as in the subcortical white matter.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows perpendicular callosal/pericallosal MS plaques with hyperintense rims & hypointense centers (with corresponding hypointensities also demonstrated on T1 as "black holes," not shown). Note an additional posterior fossa lesion .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows perpendicular callosal/pericallosal MS plaques with hyperintense rims & hypointense centers (with corresponding hypointensities also demonstrated on T1 as "black holes," not shown). Note an additional posterior fossa lesion .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates multiple nodular, enhancing multiple sclerosis plaques . Note the common periventricular location with perpendicular orientation as well as the involvement of subcortical white matter.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates multiple nodular, enhancing multiple sclerosis plaques . Note the common periventricular location with perpendicular orientation as well as the involvement of subcortical white matter.*
*Axial FLAIR MR shows confluent multiple sclerosis plaques in commonly seen periventricular locations.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 9-year-old patient with altered mental status & hyperreflexia shows ill-defined, hyperintense lesions in the thalami , basal ganglia , & insula . Involvement of the deep nuclei is a relatively common feature of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 9-year-old patient with altered mental status & hyperreflexia shows ill-defined, hyperintense lesions in the thalami , basal ganglia , & insula . Involvement of the deep nuclei is a relatively common feature of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows large lesions in the thalamus & basal ganglia in this 16-year-old with a headache & weakness 2 weeks after a viral illness. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis will frequently affect deep gray matter structures.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows large lesions in the thalamus & basal ganglia in this 16-year-old with a headache & weakness 2 weeks after a viral illness. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis will frequently affect deep gray matter structures.*
-
-*Coronal FLAIR MR in a 12-year-old patient with neuromyelitis optica & bladder dysfunction shows large lesions extending across the corpus callosum & left cerebral peduncle .*
+
+*Coronal FLAIR MR in a 12-year-old patient with neuromyelitis optica & bladder dysfunction shows large lesions extending across the corpus callosum & left cerebral peduncle .*
-
-*Axial NECT in a 14-year-old patient with vomiting shows a nonspecific, low-attenuation lesion in the left posterior frontal subcortical white matter.*
+
+*Axial NECT in a 14-year-old patient with vomiting shows a nonspecific, low-attenuation lesion in the left posterior frontal subcortical white matter.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient acquired the next day shows several ovoid MS plaques . Active lesions will also show contrast enhancement & restricted diffusion.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient acquired the next day shows several ovoid MS plaques . Active lesions will also show contrast enhancement & restricted diffusion.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 14-year-old with MS shows multiple ovoid lesions oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the lateral ventricles with hazy ↑ signal intensity in the white matter between them.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 14-year-old with MS shows multiple ovoid lesions oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the lateral ventricles with hazy ↑ signal intensity in the white matter between them.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in a 17-year-old with Baló concentric sclerosis .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in a 17-year-old with Baló concentric sclerosis .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR shows an enhancing MS lesion in the dorsal aspect of the cervical cord . Approximately 2/3 of spinal cord MS lesions are found in the cervical cord. Typical features include a dorsal intramedullary lesion spanning < 2 vertebral segments in length.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR shows an enhancing MS lesion in the dorsal aspect of the cervical cord . Approximately 2/3 of spinal cord MS lesions are found in the cervical cord. Typical features include a dorsal intramedullary lesion spanning < 2 vertebral segments in length.*
*Axial FLAIR MR shows numerous peripheral white matter & cortical lesions that exhibited robust contrast enhancement (not shown) in an 18-year-old woman with malignant (Marburg) MS. The patient presented with a 2-week history of behavioral changes & leg pain & died 3 weeks after presentation. The autopsy showed typical demyelinating pathology.*
@@ -385,14 +385,14 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in a patient with MS shows ring-enhancing masses of active demyelination. The rings of enhancement are incomplete with each ring defect pointing towards an adjacent cortex.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a superficial hypointense mass in the left parasagittal posterior frontal region with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "horseshoe" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a superficial hypointense mass in the left parasagittal posterior frontal region with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "horseshoe" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows a case of proven tumefactive MS with extensive surrounding white matter edema . Note that the imaging features present in this case could also be seen with neoplasm.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows a case of proven tumefactive MS with extensive surrounding white matter edema . Note that the imaging features present in this case could also be seen with neoplasm.*
-
-*Long TE MRS in a case of tumefactive MS reveals elevated choline , ↓ NAA , & a lactate doublet . These MRS findings could be consistent with acute demyelination & probably reflect a combination of membrane disruption, neuronal loss or dysfunction, & inflammation. Note that the MRS findings in MS are not specific. The spectral pattern of demyelination & low-grade neoplasms can be similar & should therefore be interpreted cautiously.*
+
+*Long TE MRS in a case of tumefactive MS reveals elevated choline , ↓ NAA , & a lactate doublet . These MRS findings could be consistent with acute demyelination & probably reflect a combination of membrane disruption, neuronal loss or dysfunction, & inflammation. Note that the MRS findings in MS are not specific. The spectral pattern of demyelination & low-grade neoplasms can be similar & should therefore be interpreted cautiously.*
*Axial T1 C+ MR shows numerous enhancing MS plaques that were present throughout the infratentorial & supratentorial brain. MS lesions may show homogeneous enhancement but may also exhibit ring or incomplete ring patterns of enhancement.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/extraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_a0886d4c-f504-4165-bb52-2400e2385f68.md b/docs_md/articles/extraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_a0886d4c-f504-4165-bb52-2400e2385f68.md
index d772c58..194c46f 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/extraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_a0886d4c-f504-4165-bb52-2400e2385f68.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/extraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_a0886d4c-f504-4165-bb52-2400e2385f68.md
@@ -266,36 +266,36 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial NECT shows acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns and early extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus with dilatation of all the ventricles and subtle periventricular hypodensity due to interstitial edema.*
+
+*Axial NECT shows acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns and early extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus with dilatation of all the ventricles and subtle periventricular hypodensity due to interstitial edema.*
-
-*Axial NECT shows acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns and early extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus with dilatation of all the ventricles and subtle periventricular hypodensity due to interstitial edema.*
+
+*Axial NECT shows acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns and early extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus with dilatation of all the ventricles and subtle periventricular hypodensity due to interstitial edema.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR images (top) in a patient with breast carcinoma leptomeningeal metastasis shows dilatation of the ventricles with mild periventricular interstitial edema . Axial T1 C+ MR (bottom) shows extensive leptomeningeal enhancement along the cerebellar folia.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR images (top) in a patient with breast carcinoma leptomeningeal metastasis shows dilatation of the ventricles with mild periventricular interstitial edema . Axial T1 C+ MR (bottom) shows extensive leptomeningeal enhancement along the cerebellar folia.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in a 21-year-old patient with a remote history of meningitis shows chronic "compensated" extraventricular communicating hydrocephalus with marked dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in a 21-year-old patient with a remote history of meningitis shows chronic "compensated" extraventricular communicating hydrocephalus with marked dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows a patent widened cerebral aqueduct and foramen of Magendie with dilatation of the 4th ventricle . In longstanding "compensated" hydrocephalus, there is no periventricular interstitial edema around the ventricles, as in this case.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient shows a patent widened cerebral aqueduct and foramen of Magendie with dilatation of the 4th ventricle . In longstanding "compensated" hydrocephalus, there is no periventricular interstitial edema around the ventricles, as in this case.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR demonstrates subtle leptomeningeal enhancement in the left sylvian fissure in this patient with tuberculous meningitis. There is mild dilatation of the lateral ventricles due to extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR demonstrates subtle leptomeningeal enhancement in the left sylvian fissure in this patient with tuberculous meningitis. There is mild dilatation of the lateral ventricles due to extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus.*
*Coronal T1WI MR in a toddler with rapid head growth for 4 months shows enlarged ventricular trigone on the left and enlarging subarachnoid spaces at an age when they should be shrinking. MR venography showed occlusion of both transverse sinuses.*
-
-*Axial NECT shows hyperdense material in the basal cisterns and sylvian fissures in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. There is early dilatation of the ventricles with mild periventricular edema due to interstitial edema.*
+
+*Axial NECT shows hyperdense material in the basal cisterns and sylvian fissures in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. There is early dilatation of the ventricles with mild periventricular edema due to interstitial edema.*
-
-*Axial NECT shows acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns and sylvian fissures . There is early extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus with mild periventricular hypodensity due to interstitial edema.*
+
+*Axial NECT shows acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns and sylvian fissures . There is early extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus with mild periventricular hypodensity due to interstitial edema.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows extensive leptomeningeal enhancement of the basal cisterns in neurosarcoidosis . Notice the early communicating hydrocephalus with the dilated 3rd ventricle and temporal horns .*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows extensive leptomeningeal enhancement of the basal cisterns in neurosarcoidosis . Notice the early communicating hydrocephalus with the dilated 3rd ventricle and temporal horns .*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/finger-in-glove-sign_81c5db2f-b8f6-4092-bcd2-ffb8aa3ab18a.md b/docs_md/articles/finger-in-glove-sign_81c5db2f-b8f6-4092-bcd2-ffb8aa3ab18a.md
index 1ee4c5d..5fb9de2 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/finger-in-glove-sign_81c5db2f-b8f6-4092-bcd2-ffb8aa3ab18a.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/finger-in-glove-sign_81c5db2f-b8f6-4092-bcd2-ffb8aa3ab18a.md
@@ -108,39 +108,39 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis**
-*PA chest radiograph of a patient with asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis shows right basilar tubular opacities corresponding to mucoid impaction in dilated airways.*
+*PA chest radiograph of a patient with asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis shows right basilar tubular opacities corresponding to mucoid impaction in dilated airways.*
-
+
**Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis**
-*PA chest radiograph of a patient with asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis shows right basilar tubular opacities corresponding to mucoid impaction in dilated airways.*
+*PA chest radiograph of a patient with asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis shows right basilar tubular opacities corresponding to mucoid impaction in dilated airways.*
-
+
**Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis**
-*Coronal NECT of the same patient shows right basilar branching tubular opacities that correspond to right lower lobe bronchiectasis with intrinsic mucus plugs . Impacted mucus may exhibit high attenuation. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is due to hypersensitivity to fungal antigens.*
+*Coronal NECT of the same patient shows right basilar branching tubular opacities that correspond to right lower lobe bronchiectasis with intrinsic mucus plugs . Impacted mucus may exhibit high attenuation. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is due to hypersensitivity to fungal antigens.*
-
+
**Congenital Bronchial Atresia**
-*Coronal CECT of a 27-year-old man with bronchial atresia shows a nonenhancing left upper lobe tubular opacity that corresponds to an atretic bronchus impacted with mucus .*
+*Coronal CECT of a 27-year-old man with bronchial atresia shows a nonenhancing left upper lobe tubular opacity that corresponds to an atretic bronchus impacted with mucus .*
-
+
**Congenital Bronchial Atresia**
-*Coronal CECT of the same patient shows focal air-trapping in the left upper lobe distal to the impacted atretic bronchus and mucocele. Bronchial atresia most frequently affects the left upper lobe apicoposterior bronchus. Affected patients are typically asymptomatic.*
+*Coronal CECT of the same patient shows focal air-trapping in the left upper lobe distal to the impacted atretic bronchus and mucocele. Bronchial atresia most frequently affects the left upper lobe apicoposterior bronchus. Affected patients are typically asymptomatic.*
-
+
**Bronchiectasis**
-*Axial NECT of a 20-year-old man with cystic fibrosis shows multifocal bronchiectasis , bronchial wall thickening, and soft tissue tubular opacities that correspond to impacted mucus within dilated peripheral airways.*
+*Axial NECT of a 20-year-old man with cystic fibrosis shows multifocal bronchiectasis , bronchial wall thickening, and soft tissue tubular opacities that correspond to impacted mucus within dilated peripheral airways.*
-
+
**Bronchiectasis**
-*Axial NECT of a 34-year-old-man with primary ciliary dyskinesia and Kartagener syndrome shows bilateral upper lobe branching tubular opacities that correspond to impacted mucus within bronchiectatic airways. Note coexistent situs inversus and right aortic arch .*
+*Axial NECT of a 34-year-old-man with primary ciliary dyskinesia and Kartagener syndrome shows bilateral upper lobe branching tubular opacities that correspond to impacted mucus within bronchiectatic airways. Note coexistent situs inversus and right aortic arch .*
-
+
**Malignant Airway Neoplasm**
-*Axial CECT of a patient with a history of chronic cough and blood-tinged sputum shows a polylobular middle lobe soft tissue mass that exhibits an endobronchial component and obstructs a small airway in the middle lobe. Carcinoid tumor was diagnosed at surgery.*
+*Axial CECT of a patient with a history of chronic cough and blood-tinged sputum shows a polylobular middle lobe soft tissue mass that exhibits an endobronchial component and obstructs a small airway in the middle lobe. Carcinoid tumor was diagnosed at surgery.*
-
+
**Malignant Airway Neoplasm**
-*Sagittal CECT of the same patient shows the centrally obstructing carcinoid tumor and peripheral mucoid impaction . Carcinoid tumor is a low-grade malignant neoplasm with frequent endobronchial involvement.*
+*Sagittal CECT of the same patient shows the centrally obstructing carcinoid tumor and peripheral mucoid impaction . Carcinoid tumor is a low-grade malignant neoplasm with frequent endobronchial involvement.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/fusiform-arterial-enlargement_31d50b93-b057-4da3-86b5-4cc8fb0bc806.md b/docs_md/articles/fusiform-arterial-enlargement_31d50b93-b057-4da3-86b5-4cc8fb0bc806.md
index da9bb9f..3e3302d 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/fusiform-arterial-enlargement_31d50b93-b057-4da3-86b5-4cc8fb0bc806.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/fusiform-arterial-enlargement_31d50b93-b057-4da3-86b5-4cc8fb0bc806.md
@@ -119,74 +119,74 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Dolichoectasia**
-*Axial CT shows fusiform dilatation and tortuosity of the basilar artery in an octogenarian related to dolichoectasia. Fusiform dolichoectasia is a common finding in the vertebrobasilar arteries in older patients.*
+*Axial CT shows fusiform dilatation and tortuosity of the basilar artery in an octogenarian related to dolichoectasia. Fusiform dolichoectasia is a common finding in the vertebrobasilar arteries in older patients.*
-
+
**Dolichoectasia**
-*Axial CT shows fusiform dilatation and tortuosity of the basilar artery in an octogenarian related to dolichoectasia. Fusiform dolichoectasia is a common finding in the vertebrobasilar arteries in older patients.*
+*Axial CT shows fusiform dilatation and tortuosity of the basilar artery in an octogenarian related to dolichoectasia. Fusiform dolichoectasia is a common finding in the vertebrobasilar arteries in older patients.*
-
+
**Dolichoectasia**
-*Axial CT shows fusiform dilatation and tortuosity of the basilar artery in an octogenarian related to dolichoectasia. Fusiform dolichoectasia is a common finding in the vertebrobasilar arteries in older patients.*
+*Axial CT shows fusiform dilatation and tortuosity of the basilar artery in an octogenarian related to dolichoectasia. Fusiform dolichoectasia is a common finding in the vertebrobasilar arteries in older patients.*
-
+
**Atherosclerotic Fusiform Aneurysm**
-*Coronal CTA shows fusiform dilatation of the right supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA). Irregularity from atherosclerotic disease can be seen of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery . No significant mural thrombus was noted in this fusiform aneurysm.*
+*Coronal CTA shows fusiform dilatation of the right supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA). Irregularity from atherosclerotic disease can be seen of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery . No significant mural thrombus was noted in this fusiform aneurysm.*
-
+
**Dissecting Aneurysm/Pseudoaneurysm**
-*Dissecting pseudoaneurysm in the V4 segment of the right vertebral artery seen on 3D TOF MRA , T2 , and T1 pre- and post DANTE VWI sequences shows peripheral enhancement, suggestive of instability.*
+*Dissecting pseudoaneurysm in the V4 segment of the right vertebral artery seen on 3D TOF MRA , T2 , and T1 pre- and post DANTE VWI sequences shows peripheral enhancement, suggestive of instability.*
-
+
**Ehlers-Danlos**
-*3D MIP MRA of the vertebrobasilar arteries in a teenage female with a history of type 4 Ehlers-Danlos shows fusiform dilatation of the vertebral artery . The affected gene is COL3A1, and this specific type of Ehlers-Danlos has a higher risk of aneurysm and vascular rupture.*
+*3D MIP MRA of the vertebrobasilar arteries in a teenage female with a history of type 4 Ehlers-Danlos shows fusiform dilatation of the vertebral artery . The affected gene is COL3A1, and this specific type of Ehlers-Danlos has a higher risk of aneurysm and vascular rupture.*
-
+
**Marfan Syndrome**
-*Axial MIP from CT arteriography shows fusiform dilatation of the left middle cerebral artery bifurcation in this child with a history of Marfan syndrome.*
+*Axial MIP from CT arteriography shows fusiform dilatation of the left middle cerebral artery bifurcation in this child with a history of Marfan syndrome.*
-
+
**Familial Thoracic Aneurysm &/or Dissection**
-*Coronal MIP reformat from CT arteriography shows bilateral fusiform aneurysms of supraclinoid ICAs . This patient also had thoracic aortic aneurysm, which is consistent with familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection and is associated with a mutation of ACTA2. This gene is responsible for a component of vascular smooth muscle.*
+*Coronal MIP reformat from CT arteriography shows bilateral fusiform aneurysms of supraclinoid ICAs . This patient also had thoracic aortic aneurysm, which is consistent with familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection and is associated with a mutation of ACTA2. This gene is responsible for a component of vascular smooth muscle.*
-
+
**HIV Infection**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows strikingly enlarged middle cerebral arteries in this child with congenital HIV/AIDS (an uncommon but well-recognized cause of pediatric fusiform arteriopathy). The stroke-like presentations of HIV infection may relate to vasculopathies, including large-vessel aneurysmal vasculopathy.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows strikingly enlarged middle cerebral arteries in this child with congenital HIV/AIDS (an uncommon but well-recognized cause of pediatric fusiform arteriopathy). The stroke-like presentations of HIV infection may relate to vasculopathies, including large-vessel aneurysmal vasculopathy.*
-
+
**Giant Serpentine Aneurysm**
-*Axial NECT demonstrates a giant serpentine aneurysm in the basilar artery with associated mural thrombus seen on sagittal CTA.*
+*Axial NECT demonstrates a giant serpentine aneurysm in the basilar artery with associated mural thrombus seen on sagittal CTA.*
### Additional Images
-
+
**Dolichoectasia**
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows an elongated basilar artery with a slow-flow, thickened wall . The apex of the tortuous basilar artery indents the hypothalamus, 3rd ventricle .*
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows an elongated basilar artery with a slow-flow, thickened wall . The apex of the tortuous basilar artery indents the hypothalamus, 3rd ventricle .*
-
+
**Dolichoectasia**
-*Axial T2WI MR shows an elongated, tortuous basilar artery with a thickened arterial wall , typical for atherosclerosis-associated fusiform ectasia.*
+*Axial T2WI MR shows an elongated, tortuous basilar artery with a thickened arterial wall , typical for atherosclerosis-associated fusiform ectasia.*
-
+
**Atherosclerotic Fusiform Aneurysm**
-*Lateral angiography shows a large fusiform middle cerebral artery aneurysm that extends into smaller, more distal branches . This is an unusual example because of the location (ICA, middle cerebral artery).*
+*Lateral angiography shows a large fusiform middle cerebral artery aneurysm that extends into smaller, more distal branches . This is an unusual example because of the location (ICA, middle cerebral artery).*
-
+
**Nonaneurysmal Dissection**
-*Axial T1WI MR shows an enlarged right vertebral artery with high signal intensity as well as an absent flow void of the left vertebral artery .*
+*Axial T1WI MR shows an enlarged right vertebral artery with high signal intensity as well as an absent flow void of the left vertebral artery .*
-
+
**Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome**
-*Anteroposterior oblique view of the left vertebral angiogram shows focal elongations and widening of the basilar artery in a 6-year-old child with Ehlers-Danlos type 4.*
+*Anteroposterior oblique view of the left vertebral angiogram shows focal elongations and widening of the basilar artery in a 6-year-old child with Ehlers-Danlos type 4.*
-
+
**Giant Serpentine Aneurysm**
-*Axial MRA submentovertex view shows an unusual nonatherosclerotic giant serpentine fusiform aneurysm. The patent channel lies within the clot in the partially thrombosed lumen.*
+*Axial MRA submentovertex view shows an unusual nonatherosclerotic giant serpentine fusiform aneurysm. The patent channel lies within the clot in the partially thrombosed lumen.*
-
+
**Atypical Saccular Aneurysm**
-*Lateral angiography in 30-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage shows an elongated, bizarre-appearing, multilobulated aneurysm with long aspect ratio, tit-like projections.*
+*Lateral angiography in 30-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage shows an elongated, bizarre-appearing, multilobulated aneurysm with long aspect ratio, tit-like projections.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/guillain-barr-spectrum-disorders_c1f52a65-920e-4e28-8a75-07dfa208f290.md b/docs_md/articles/guillain-barr-spectrum-disorders_c1f52a65-920e-4e28-8a75-07dfa208f290.md
index f533a82..9d4fa9a 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/guillain-barr-spectrum-disorders_c1f52a65-920e-4e28-8a75-07dfa208f290.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/guillain-barr-spectrum-disorders_c1f52a65-920e-4e28-8a75-07dfa208f290.md
@@ -282,39 +282,39 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) shows the characteristic ventral cauda equina (CE) nerve root enhancement and slight thickening.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) shows the characteristic ventral cauda equina (CE) nerve root enhancement and slight thickening.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) shows the characteristic ventral cauda equina (CE) nerve root enhancement and slight thickening.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) shows the characteristic ventral cauda equina (CE) nerve root enhancement and slight thickening.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) shows the characteristic ventral cauda equina (CE) nerve root enhancement and slight thickening.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) shows the characteristic ventral cauda equina (CE) nerve root enhancement and slight thickening.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with GBS shows CE nerve root enhancement, more intense in ventral than dorsal CE. Also note enhancement of the pial surface of the distal cord/conus . GBS is an immune-mediated peripheral nerves and nerve roots disorder, usually triggered by infections.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with GBS shows CE nerve root enhancement, more intense in ventral than dorsal CE. Also note enhancement of the pial surface of the distal cord/conus . GBS is an immune-mediated peripheral nerves and nerve roots disorder, usually triggered by infections.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with GBS shows CE nerve root enhancement, more intense in ventral than dorsal CE. Also note enhancement of the pial surface of the distal cord/conus . GBS is an immune-mediated peripheral nerves and nerve roots disorder, usually triggered by infections.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR of the lumbar spine in a patient with GBS shows CE nerve root enhancement, more intense in ventral than dorsal CE. Also note enhancement of the pial surface of the distal cord/conus . GBS is an immune-mediated peripheral nerves and nerve roots disorder, usually triggered by infections.*
-
-*Coronal angled T1 C+ MPRAGE MR reformat in a patient with Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) shows mild thickening and enhancement of right facial (CNVII) and bilateral trigeminal (CNV) nerves.*
+
+*Coronal angled T1 C+ MPRAGE MR reformat in a patient with Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) shows mild thickening and enhancement of right facial (CNVII) and bilateral trigeminal (CNV) nerves.*
-
-*Coronal angled T1 C+ MPRAGE MR reformat in a patient with Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) shows mild thickening and enhancement of right facial (CNVII) and bilateral trigeminal (CNV) nerves.*
+
+*Coronal angled T1 C+ MPRAGE MR reformat in a patient with Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) shows mild thickening and enhancement of right facial (CNVII) and bilateral trigeminal (CNV) nerves.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with BBE shows hyperintense signal in the pons , middle cerebellar peduncles , and cerebellum . Both MFS and BBE may initially show ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, the differentiating feature being reduced consciousness and other brainstem signs in BBE later.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with BBE shows hyperintense signal in the pons , middle cerebellar peduncles , and cerebellum . Both MFS and BBE may initially show ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, the differentiating feature being reduced consciousness and other brainstem signs in BBE later.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with BBE shows hyperintense signal in the pons , middle cerebellar peduncles , and cerebellum . Both MFS and BBE may initially show ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, the differentiating feature being reduced consciousness and other brainstem signs in BBE later.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with BBE shows hyperintense signal in the pons , middle cerebellar peduncles , and cerebellum . Both MFS and BBE may initially show ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, the differentiating feature being reduced consciousness and other brainstem signs in BBE later.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) shows abnormal hyperintense signal in the pons . Both MFS and BBE initially present with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia; the differentiating feature being development of brainstem dysfunction in BBE later (reduced consciousness and pyramidal tract signs).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) shows abnormal hyperintense signal in the pons . Both MFS and BBE initially present with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia; the differentiating feature being development of brainstem dysfunction in BBE later (reduced consciousness and pyramidal tract signs).*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) shows abnormal hyperintense signal in the pons . Both MFS and BBE initially present with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia; the differentiating feature being development of brainstem dysfunction in BBE later (reduced consciousness and pyramidal tract signs).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) shows abnormal hyperintense signal in the pons . Both MFS and BBE initially present with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia; the differentiating feature being development of brainstem dysfunction in BBE later (reduced consciousness and pyramidal tract signs).*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/hydrocephalus_e9481739-278e-4682-ab1e-4326a77c3d0c.md b/docs_md/articles/hydrocephalus_e9481739-278e-4682-ab1e-4326a77c3d0c.md
index 5a1c664..0580156 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/hydrocephalus_e9481739-278e-4682-ab1e-4326a77c3d0c.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/hydrocephalus_e9481739-278e-4682-ab1e-4326a77c3d0c.md
@@ -403,78 +403,78 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Depiction of normal CSF flow through the glymphatic system. CSF descends along periarterial perivascular spaces (PVS) and through the interstitium before exiting along perivenular PVS, clearing macromolecules (black particles). The exchange between interstitium and PVS is modulated by astrocytic endfeet expressing AQP4 (pink channels).*
-
-*An isoattenuating colloid cyst obstructs the foramina of Monro in this 7-year-old, causing obstructive hydrocephalus.*
+
+*An isoattenuating colloid cyst obstructs the foramina of Monro in this 7-year-old, causing obstructive hydrocephalus.*
-
-*A large suprasellar arachnoid cyst balloons upward and obstructs the foramina of Monro in this 1-year-old with macrocrania.*
+
+*A large suprasellar arachnoid cyst balloons upward and obstructs the foramina of Monro in this 1-year-old with macrocrania.*
-
-*This 3-month-old with hydrocephalus has a Blake pouch cyst obstructing outflow of CSF from the 4th ventricle. Note the membrane across the posterior foramen magnum and the uplifting of the vermis .*
+
+*This 3-month-old with hydrocephalus has a Blake pouch cyst obstructing outflow of CSF from the 4th ventricle. Note the membrane across the posterior foramen magnum and the uplifting of the vermis .*
-
-*A medulloblastoma fills and obstructs the 4th ventricle in this 10-year-old, leading to supratentorial ventriculomegaly and papilledema . Papilledema visible on MR typically correlates to grade 3 on the Frisen scale (moderate edema).*
+
+*A medulloblastoma fills and obstructs the 4th ventricle in this 10-year-old, leading to supratentorial ventriculomegaly and papilledema . Papilledema visible on MR typically correlates to grade 3 on the Frisen scale (moderate edema).*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR through the lateral ventricles in the same child shows transependymal edema capping the frontal and occipital horns , reflecting the increased pressure in the ventricular system.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR through the lateral ventricles in the same child shows transependymal edema capping the frontal and occipital horns , reflecting the increased pressure in the ventricular system.*
-
-*Bacterial meningitis (group A Streptococcus in this example) can restrict resorption of CSF but can also obstruct at the cerebral aqueduct and 4th ventricular outlets when complicated by ventriculitis, evident on this image by abnormal enhancement of the ependyma .*
+
+*Bacterial meningitis (group A Streptococcus in this example) can restrict resorption of CSF but can also obstruct at the cerebral aqueduct and 4th ventricular outlets when complicated by ventriculitis, evident on this image by abnormal enhancement of the ependyma .*
-
-*An infiltrating tectal glioma obstructs the cerebral aqueduct in this 10-year-old. Absence of transependymal edema suggests a compensated hydrocephalus.*
+
+*An infiltrating tectal glioma obstructs the cerebral aqueduct in this 10-year-old. Absence of transependymal edema suggests a compensated hydrocephalus.*
-
-*A papilloma of the choroid plexus in the occipital horn of the left lateral ventricle causes moderate hydrocephalus by excessive CSF production in this 2-month-old.*
+
+*A papilloma of the choroid plexus in the occipital horn of the left lateral ventricle causes moderate hydrocephalus by excessive CSF production in this 2-month-old.*
-
-*CSF overproduction can rarely be nonneoplastic in nature, as in this 6-month-old with villous hyperplasia of the choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle . Note the preservation of peripheral sulci, as the unfused sutures of the infant can widen in response to increased intracranial volume.*
+
+*CSF overproduction can rarely be nonneoplastic in nature, as in this 6-month-old with villous hyperplasia of the choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle . Note the preservation of peripheral sulci, as the unfused sutures of the infant can widen in response to increased intracranial volume.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows a large mass within the 4th ventricle causing intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus or noncommunicating hydrocephalus.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows a large mass within the 4th ventricle causing intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus or noncommunicating hydrocephalus.*
*Sagittal T2 MR in the same patient shows transependymal CSF flow, seen here as "fingers" extending into white matter around the enlarged lateral ventricle. The case was medulloblastoma with acute IVOH.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows IVOH with a large, enhancing intraventricular mass causing marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles .*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows IVOH with a large, enhancing intraventricular mass causing marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles .*
-
-*Axial NECT in the same patient shows the large intraventricular mass within the 4th ventricle. Note the dilated temporal horns .*
+
+*Axial NECT in the same patient shows the large intraventricular mass within the 4th ventricle. Note the dilated temporal horns .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows IVOH secondary to aqueductal stenosis and distal stenosis of cerebral aqueduct . Note the enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows IVOH secondary to aqueductal stenosis and distal stenosis of cerebral aqueduct . Note the enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurosarcoidosis and EVOH secondary to diffuse meningeal disease. Periventricular white matter hyperintensities are also present, as well as choroid involvement .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurosarcoidosis and EVOH secondary to diffuse meningeal disease. Periventricular white matter hyperintensities are also present, as well as choroid involvement .*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows neurocysticercosis involvement within the 3rd ventricle and aqueduct , causing IVOH. The lateral ventricles are dilated.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows neurocysticercosis involvement within the 3rd ventricle and aqueduct , causing IVOH. The lateral ventricles are dilated.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurocysticercosis resulting in IVOH. Large intraventricular cysts are present in the lateral vents , obstructing the foramina of Monro.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurocysticercosis resulting in IVOH. Large intraventricular cysts are present in the lateral vents , obstructing the foramina of Monro.*
-
-*Axial T1 MR shows a well-defined, hyperintense lesion at the foramen of Monro in a patient with headaches, most consistent with a colloid cyst. Note the enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to obstruction at the foramen of Monro.*
+
+*Axial T1 MR shows a well-defined, hyperintense lesion at the foramen of Monro in a patient with headaches, most consistent with a colloid cyst. Note the enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to obstruction at the foramen of Monro.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a homogeneously enhancing mass in the posterior 3rd ventricle , which causes obstruction and dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles. On pathology, this was an astrocytoma.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a homogeneously enhancing mass in the posterior 3rd ventricle , which causes obstruction and dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles. On pathology, this was an astrocytoma.*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR shows a pilocytic astrocytoma centered in the right thalamus , causing severe mass effect on the 3rd ventricle and resultant obstructive hydrocephalus .*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR shows a pilocytic astrocytoma centered in the right thalamus , causing severe mass effect on the 3rd ventricle and resultant obstructive hydrocephalus .*
-
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a well-defined CSF intensity cyst with the left temporal horn most consistent with an ependymal cyst . Note the dilated and trapped left temporal horn .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a well-defined CSF intensity cyst with the left temporal horn most consistent with an ependymal cyst . Note the dilated and trapped left temporal horn .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows an enhancing mass in the pineal region causing mass effect on the tectal plate and aqueductal obstruction. Note the extensive leptomeningeal enhancement due to CSF spread of tumor. CSF cytology showed a primitive neuroectodermal tumor.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows an enhancing mass in the pineal region causing mass effect on the tectal plate and aqueductal obstruction. Note the extensive leptomeningeal enhancement due to CSF spread of tumor. CSF cytology showed a primitive neuroectodermal tumor.*
-
-*A medulloblastoma fills and obstructs the 4th ventricle in this 10-year-old, leading to supratentorial ventriculomegaly and papilledema.*
+
+*A medulloblastoma fills and obstructs the 4th ventricle in this 10-year-old, leading to supratentorial ventriculomegaly and papilledema.*
-
-*FIESTA shows pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation obstructing the cerebral aqueduct in this 8-year-old boy.*
+
+*FIESTA shows pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation obstructing the cerebral aqueduct in this 8-year-old boy.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/hypertrophic-olivary-degeneration_78257543-6d52-4879-84b1-445f3611d996.md b/docs_md/articles/hypertrophic-olivary-degeneration_78257543-6d52-4879-84b1-445f3611d996.md
index 1a226f8..6617bc2 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/hypertrophic-olivary-degeneration_78257543-6d52-4879-84b1-445f3611d996.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/hypertrophic-olivary-degeneration_78257543-6d52-4879-84b1-445f3611d996.md
@@ -369,87 +369,87 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial graphic of the upper medulla shows the medullary pyramids on each side of the ventral median fissure. The olives lie just posterior to the preolivary sulci .*
+
+*Axial graphic of the upper medulla shows the medullary pyramids on each side of the ventral median fissure. The olives lie just posterior to the preolivary sulci .*
-
-*Axial graphic of the upper medulla shows the medullary pyramids on each side of the ventral median fissure. The olives lie just posterior to the preolivary sulci .*
+
+*Axial graphic of the upper medulla shows the medullary pyramids on each side of the ventral median fissure. The olives lie just posterior to the preolivary sulci .*
*Coronal graphic of the midbrain, pons, and medulla is sectioned to depict the Guillain-Mollaret triangle (GMT). The GMT is composed of the ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus (green), dentate nucleus (blue) of the contralateral cerebellum, and the ipsilateral red nucleus (RN, red).*
-
-*Axial T2 MR of a 40-year-old woman with brainstem glioma and secondary hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) shows a heterogeneous mass lesion involving midbrain invading the RN (R > L). RN is a component of GMT.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR of a 40-year-old woman with brainstem glioma and secondary hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) shows a heterogeneous mass lesion involving midbrain invading the RN (R > L). RN is a component of GMT.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR at the level of medulla in the same patient shows enlarged right inferior olivary nucleus with hyperintense signal indicating HOD. Also note normal-appearing left olivary nucleus and preolivary sulcus .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR at the level of medulla in the same patient shows enlarged right inferior olivary nucleus with hyperintense signal indicating HOD. Also note normal-appearing left olivary nucleus and preolivary sulcus .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR of a 58-year-old woman presenting with palatal myoclonus and a history of treated CNS lymphoma shows volume loss and hyperintense signal in left dentate nucleus (DN) due to encephalomalacia (DN is a component of GMT).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR of a 58-year-old woman presenting with palatal myoclonus and a history of treated CNS lymphoma shows volume loss and hyperintense signal in left dentate nucleus (DN) due to encephalomalacia (DN is a component of GMT).*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in the same patient at the level of medulla shows mild hypertrophy and increased signal involving bilateral inferior olivary nuclei indicating HOD.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in the same patient at the level of medulla shows mild hypertrophy and increased signal involving bilateral inferior olivary nuclei indicating HOD.*
-
-*Axial T2 of a 67-year-old man with left para median pontine cavernous malformation (CM) involving central tegmental tract resulting in ipsilateral HOD shows hyperintense popcorn lesion with rim of hemosiderin in left para median pons due to CM.*
+
+*Axial T2 of a 67-year-old man with left para median pontine cavernous malformation (CM) involving central tegmental tract resulting in ipsilateral HOD shows hyperintense popcorn lesion with rim of hemosiderin in left para median pons due to CM.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows enlarged left inferior olivary nucleus with hyperintense signal due to HOD.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows enlarged left inferior olivary nucleus with hyperintense signal due to HOD.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR at 1 day (top left), 4 months (top right), and 7 months (bottom left) postoperative follow-up show edema in left DN and normal right olive . Note light enlargement and ↑ signal in right olive , progressive enlargement and ↑ signal in olive , and lack of enhancement in olive on postcontrast T1WI (bottom right).*
+
+*Axial T2 MR at 1 day (top left), 4 months (top right), and 7 months (bottom left) postoperative follow-up show edema in left DN and normal right olive . Note light enlargement and ↑ signal in right olive , progressive enlargement and ↑ signal in olive , and lack of enhancement in olive on postcontrast T1WI (bottom right).*
-
-*Axial graphic of the midbrain at the level of the hypoglossal nuclei shows the distinct wavy pattern of the olives corresponding to the FLAIR hyperintensity in the previous image.*
+
+*Axial graphic of the midbrain at the level of the hypoglossal nuclei shows the distinct wavy pattern of the olives corresponding to the FLAIR hyperintensity in the previous image.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates hypertrophy of both inferior olivary nuclei, which are also hyperintense , secondary to HOD.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates hypertrophy of both inferior olivary nuclei, which are also hyperintense , secondary to HOD.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows abnormally ↑ signal intensity in an anterior medullary area that corresponds to the inferior olivary nucleus.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows abnormally ↑ signal intensity in an anterior medullary area that corresponds to the inferior olivary nucleus.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient who suffered midbrain hemorrhage (not shown) depicts bilateral hyperintense and hypertrophied inferior olivary nuclei .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient who suffered midbrain hemorrhage (not shown) depicts bilateral hyperintense and hypertrophied inferior olivary nuclei .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows high signal intensity and asymmetric enlargement of right anterior medulla corresponding to the region of hypertrophic degeneration of the right inferior olivary nucleus .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows high signal intensity and asymmetric enlargement of right anterior medulla corresponding to the region of hypertrophic degeneration of the right inferior olivary nucleus .*
*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows a right pontine infarct, the primary lesion that led to right HOD.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows bilateral symmetric hypertrophy with ↑ signal intensity confined to inferior olivary nuclei, with loss of pre- and postolivary sulci .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows bilateral symmetric hypertrophy with ↑ signal intensity confined to inferior olivary nuclei, with loss of pre- and postolivary sulci .*
*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows the primary midbrain lesion that caused the occurrence of bilateral HOD.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in a patient who developed onset of dysarthria and upper extremity dysmetria 15 months following stereotaxic XRT for midbrain arteriovenous malformation shows mixed hyper-/hypointensity in the residual vascular malformation .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in a patient who developed onset of dysarthria and upper extremity dysmetria 15 months following stereotaxic XRT for midbrain arteriovenous malformation shows mixed hyper-/hypointensity in the residual vascular malformation .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows bilateral inferior olivary hyperintensity and hypertrophy .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows bilateral inferior olivary hyperintensity and hypertrophy .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR (CISS) shows the normal shape of the medullary olives .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR (CISS) shows the normal shape of the medullary olives .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in a patient who developed palatal myoclonus ~ 6 months after resection of a midbrain CM shows hyperintensity and enlargement of both olives . This pattern is typical in the subacute stage of HOD, which typically appears between 6 months and 3-4 years after injury to the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in a patient who developed palatal myoclonus ~ 6 months after resection of a midbrain CM shows hyperintensity and enlargement of both olives . This pattern is typical in the subacute stage of HOD, which typically appears between 6 months and 3-4 years after injury to the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway.*
-
-*Axial SWI MR demonstrates hemosiderin staining in the dorsal aspect of the brainstem in the midline and to the right due to an old hemorrhage.*
+
+*Axial SWI MR demonstrates hemosiderin staining in the dorsal aspect of the brainstem in the midline and to the right due to an old hemorrhage.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient at the level of the medulla shows mild hypertrophy with hyperintensity in the region of the right inferior olivary nucleus . Findings are typical for HOD caused by primary lesions in dentato-rubro-olivary pathway (anatomical GMT).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient at the level of the medulla shows mild hypertrophy with hyperintensity in the region of the right inferior olivary nucleus . Findings are typical for HOD caused by primary lesions in dentato-rubro-olivary pathway (anatomical GMT).*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR through the medulla shows that the ipsilateral olive is atrophic and hyperintense . This patient also has crossed cerebellar atrophy due to interruption of the ponto-cerebellar pathway.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR through the medulla shows that the ipsilateral olive is atrophic and hyperintense . This patient also has crossed cerebellar atrophy due to interruption of the ponto-cerebellar pathway.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in a patient who developed palatal myoclonus several months following midbrain surgery for CM. Imaging obtained 1 year later shows residual CM .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in a patient who developed palatal myoclonus several months following midbrain surgery for CM. Imaging obtained 1 year later shows residual CM .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient delineates the somewhat wavy appearance of the hyperintensity conforming to the configuration of the olives . The pyramids are spared, helping differentiate HOD from perforating artery infarction.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient delineates the somewhat wavy appearance of the hyperintensity conforming to the configuration of the olives . The pyramids are spared, helping differentiate HOD from perforating artery infarction.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension_d7a0a1b6-1d94-473c-9fe9-021443969f9f.md b/docs_md/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension_d7a0a1b6-1d94-473c-9fe9-021443969f9f.md
index e199f31..6fa5226 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension_d7a0a1b6-1d94-473c-9fe9-021443969f9f.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension_d7a0a1b6-1d94-473c-9fe9-021443969f9f.md
@@ -354,38 +354,38 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial T2 FS MR in a young obese female with headaches and visual symptoms shows flattening of the posterior sclera and minimal protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globe. Note mild prominence of the CSF along the optic nerve sheaths.*
+
+*Axial T2 FS MR in a young obese female with headaches and visual symptoms shows flattening of the posterior sclera and minimal protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globe. Note mild prominence of the CSF along the optic nerve sheaths.*
-
-*Axial T2 FS MR in a young obese female with headaches and visual symptoms shows flattening of the posterior sclera and minimal protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globe. Note mild prominence of the CSF along the optic nerve sheaths.*
+
+*Axial T2 FS MR in a young obese female with headaches and visual symptoms shows flattening of the posterior sclera and minimal protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globe. Note mild prominence of the CSF along the optic nerve sheaths.*
-
-*Axial DWI in the same patient demonstrates subtle high signal in the region of the optic nerve heads bilaterally. Hyperintensity of the optic nerve heads on DWI can serve as a useful imaging marker for papilledema, especially if bilateral.*
+
+*Axial DWI in the same patient demonstrates subtle high signal in the region of the optic nerve heads bilaterally. Hyperintensity of the optic nerve heads on DWI can serve as a useful imaging marker for papilledema, especially if bilateral.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows subtle enhancement , as well as protrusion of prelaminar optic nerves bilaterally.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows subtle enhancement , as well as protrusion of prelaminar optic nerves bilaterally.*
-
-*Coronal T2 FS MR in the same patient shows a partially empty sella with the pituitary gland flattened along the floor of the sella. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is more commonly observed in overweight women of reproductive age. Treatment includes weight loss and medications, as well as lumbar punctures, shunt, and optic nerve fenestration.*
+
+*Coronal T2 FS MR in the same patient shows a partially empty sella with the pituitary gland flattened along the floor of the sella. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is more commonly observed in overweight women of reproductive age. Treatment includes weight loss and medications, as well as lumbar punctures, shunt, and optic nerve fenestration.*
-
-*Coronal T2 FS MR of orbits in a 6 year old with papilledema and opening CSF pressure of 32 cm of H₂O shows dilated optic nerve sheaths bilaterally .*
+
+*Coronal T2 FS MR of orbits in a 6 year old with papilledema and opening CSF pressure of 32 cm of H₂O shows dilated optic nerve sheaths bilaterally .*
-
-*Sagittal T2 FS MR in the same patient shows tortuosity of the optic nerve, dilated optic nerve sheath , flattening of the posterior sclera , and mild bulging of the optic nerve disc head due to papilledema. Findings are typical of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Childhood obesity has a strong association with ↑ risk of pediatric IIH.*
+
+*Sagittal T2 FS MR in the same patient shows tortuosity of the optic nerve, dilated optic nerve sheath , flattening of the posterior sclera , and mild bulging of the optic nerve disc head due to papilledema. Findings are typical of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Childhood obesity has a strong association with ↑ risk of pediatric IIH.*
-
-*Sagittal T2 MR in a young female with IIH and temporal lobe epilepsy shows a defect along the floor of the middle cranial fossa with herniation of the anteroinferior temporal lobe .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 MR in a young female with IIH and temporal lobe epilepsy shows a defect along the floor of the middle cranial fossa with herniation of the anteroinferior temporal lobe .*
-
-*Coronal CT cisternogram in a patient with IIH shows an osteodural defect along the great wing of the sphenoid. Defect along the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus with a meningocele and contrast in the lateral sphenoid sinus due to CSF leak is shown. Patients with IIH can present with spontaneous CSF leaks.*
+
+*Coronal CT cisternogram in a patient with IIH shows an osteodural defect along the great wing of the sphenoid. Defect along the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus with a meningocele and contrast in the lateral sphenoid sinus due to CSF leak is shown. Patients with IIH can present with spontaneous CSF leaks.*
-
-*MIP image of a postcontrast MR venogram study in a patient with IIH shows stenosis of the distal transverse sinuses bilaterally , right > left.*
+
+*MIP image of a postcontrast MR venogram study in a patient with IIH shows stenosis of the distal transverse sinuses bilaterally , right > left.*
-
-*3D VRT MR in the same patient shows transverse sinus stenosis , right > left. Phase contrast and postcontrast MR venogram techniques are preferred over TOF-MR venogram to evaluate for transverse sinus stenosis. Stenting of transverse sinus stenosis in patients with IIH is a controversial treatment option.*
+
+*3D VRT MR in the same patient shows transverse sinus stenosis , right > left. Phase contrast and postcontrast MR venogram techniques are preferred over TOF-MR venogram to evaluate for transverse sinus stenosis. Stenting of transverse sinus stenosis in patients with IIH is a controversial treatment option.*
### Additional Images
@@ -393,36 +393,36 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Coronal T1WI MR in the same patient shows unusually small lateral ventricles with a "pinched" appearance. These findings in an obese female with headaches and papilledema are consistent with IIH.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows ↑ fluid in bilateral optic nerve sheaths with mild flattening of the globes at optic nerve insertion. Also note the CSF-filled and expanded empty sella .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows ↑ fluid in bilateral optic nerve sheaths with mild flattening of the globes at optic nerve insertion. Also note the CSF-filled and expanded empty sella .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR in another patient with IIH ("pseudotumor cerebri") shows empty sella . The ventricular size is normal.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR in another patient with IIH ("pseudotumor cerebri") shows empty sella . The ventricular size is normal.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows ↑ fluid in the sheaths surrounding the optic nerves , associated with severe scleral flattening .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows ↑ fluid in the sheaths surrounding the optic nerves , associated with severe scleral flattening .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows dilated CSF spaces around the optic nerves and protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globes . Opening CSF pressure in this 32-year-old woman was 45 cm of H₂O. Prominent CSF space in the suprasellar cistern represents an empty sella . Note the tortuosity of the left optic nerve.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows dilated CSF spaces around the optic nerves and protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globes . Opening CSF pressure in this 32-year-old woman was 45 cm of H₂O. Prominent CSF space in the suprasellar cistern represents an empty sella . Note the tortuosity of the left optic nerve.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR in the same patient shows a partially empty sella , suggesting high CSF pressure in this young obese woman with headaches.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR in the same patient shows a partially empty sella , suggesting high CSF pressure in this young obese woman with headaches.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR in the same patient demonstrates enhancement, as well as protrusion of prelaminar optic nerves bilaterally . Mild diffuse optic nerve sheath enhancement is also present.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR in the same patient demonstrates enhancement, as well as protrusion of prelaminar optic nerves bilaterally . Mild diffuse optic nerve sheath enhancement is also present.*
-
-*Coronal T1WI C+ FS MR in the same patient shows diffuse enhancement of the optic nerve sheaths associated with prominent subarachnoid spaces along the optic nerves. Treatment for pseudotumor cerebri includes weight loss and medications, as well as lumbar punctures, shunt, and optic nerve fenestration.*
+
+*Coronal T1WI C+ FS MR in the same patient shows diffuse enhancement of the optic nerve sheaths associated with prominent subarachnoid spaces along the optic nerves. Treatment for pseudotumor cerebri includes weight loss and medications, as well as lumbar punctures, shunt, and optic nerve fenestration.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with IIH shows a partially empty sella with the pituitary gland flattened along the floor of the sella.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with IIH shows a partially empty sella with the pituitary gland flattened along the floor of the sella.*
-
-*MIP image of a postcontrast MR venogram study in the same patient shows stenosis of the distal transverse sinuses bilaterally . Transverse sinus stenosis is common in patients with IIH.*
+
+*MIP image of a postcontrast MR venogram study in the same patient shows stenosis of the distal transverse sinuses bilaterally . Transverse sinus stenosis is common in patients with IIH.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in a young obese female with headaches and visual symptoms shows mild dilatation of the CSF spaces around the optic nerves. There is mild flattening of the posterior sclera and minimal protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globe.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in a young obese female with headaches and visual symptoms shows mild dilatation of the CSF spaces around the optic nerves. There is mild flattening of the posterior sclera and minimal protrusion of the optic nerve papilla into the posterior globe.*
-
-*3D TOF-MR venogram image in the same patient shows stenosis in the distal transverse sinuses bilaterally . Stent placement in sinus stenosis with significant pressure differentials has shown to reduce papilledema.*
+
+*3D TOF-MR venogram image in the same patient shows stenosis in the distal transverse sinuses bilaterally . Stent placement in sinus stenosis with significant pressure differentials has shown to reduce papilledema.*
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diff --git a/docs_md/articles/intracranial-hypotension_818a7972-1032-4d3e-a65a-97c494334aac.md b/docs_md/articles/intracranial-hypotension_818a7972-1032-4d3e-a65a-97c494334aac.md
index 2964b29..e2cc3cd 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/intracranial-hypotension_818a7972-1032-4d3e-a65a-97c494334aac.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/intracranial-hypotension_818a7972-1032-4d3e-a65a-97c494334aac.md
@@ -412,68 +412,68 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Graphic shows IH with distended dural sinuses and enlarged pituitary and herniated tonsils . Central brain descent causes midbrain slumping, inferiorly displaced pons, closed pons-midbrain angle , and splenium depressing ICV/vein of Galen junction .*
+
+*Graphic shows IH with distended dural sinuses and enlarged pituitary and herniated tonsils . Central brain descent causes midbrain slumping, inferiorly displaced pons, closed pons-midbrain angle , and splenium depressing ICV/vein of Galen junction .*
-
-*Graphic shows IH with distended dural sinuses and enlarged pituitary and herniated tonsils . Central brain descent causes midbrain slumping, inferiorly displaced pons, closed pons-midbrain angle , and splenium depressing ICV/vein of Galen junction .*
+
+*Graphic shows IH with distended dural sinuses and enlarged pituitary and herniated tonsils . Central brain descent causes midbrain slumping, inferiorly displaced pons, closed pons-midbrain angle , and splenium depressing ICV/vein of Galen junction .*
-
-*T2 MR in a 57-year-old man treated for migraine headaches shows severe midbrain slumping , downwardly displaced cerebellar tonsils , and "draping" of the hypothalamus over the dorsum sellae with mammillary bodies below the dorsum.*
+
+*T2 MR in a 57-year-old man treated for migraine headaches shows severe midbrain slumping , downwardly displaced cerebellar tonsils , and "draping" of the hypothalamus over the dorsum sellae with mammillary bodies below the dorsum.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the severe midbrain slumping and inferiorly displaced tonsils. In addition, the pituitary gland appears "fat" and the dural venous sinuses are engorged .*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the severe midbrain slumping and inferiorly displaced tonsils. In addition, the pituitary gland appears "fat" and the dural venous sinuses are engorged .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows a "fat" midbrain/pons , prominent superior ophthalmic veins , and engorged, outwardly convex transverse/sigmoid sinuses . No subdural hematomas were identified. Severe IH was treated successfully with a blood patch.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows a "fat" midbrain/pons , prominent superior ophthalmic veins , and engorged, outwardly convex transverse/sigmoid sinuses . No subdural hematomas were identified. Severe IH was treated successfully with a blood patch.*
-
-*Axial NECT in a 55-year-old man with a severe headache in the ER shows downward herniation of both cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum.*
+
+*Axial NECT in a 55-year-old man with a severe headache in the ER shows downward herniation of both cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum.*
-
-*More cephalad NECT in the same patient shows effacement of all basal cisterns, especially the suprasellar cistern . The midbrain appears "fat" . The imaging findings are suggestive of IH.*
+
+*More cephalad NECT in the same patient shows effacement of all basal cisterns, especially the suprasellar cistern . The midbrain appears "fat" . The imaging findings are suggestive of IH.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR in the same patient shows changes of severe IH with midbrain slumping , downward tonsillar displacement , "fat" pituitary gland , and "draping" of the optic chiasm/hypothalamus over the dorsum sellae .*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR in the same patient shows changes of severe IH with midbrain slumping , downward tonsillar displacement , "fat" pituitary gland , and "draping" of the optic chiasm/hypothalamus over the dorsum sellae .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows the inferiorly displaced hypothalamus and 3rd ventricle obliterating the suprasellar cistern . The midbrain appears "fat" and elongated.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows the inferiorly displaced hypothalamus and 3rd ventricle obliterating the suprasellar cistern . The midbrain appears "fat" and elongated.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows smooth, diffuse dura-arachnoid enhancement , and an engorged, outwardly convex superior sagittal sinus .*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows smooth, diffuse dura-arachnoid enhancement , and an engorged, outwardly convex superior sagittal sinus .*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the diffuse dura-arachnoid enhancement extends into both internal auditory canals . The lateral ventricles have a more acute angle and appear "pulled down" toward the incisura. An epidural blood patch relieved the symptoms.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows the diffuse dura-arachnoid enhancement extends into both internal auditory canals . The lateral ventricles have a more acute angle and appear "pulled down" toward the incisura. An epidural blood patch relieved the symptoms.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR in a patient with severe IH shows obliteration of the suprasellar cistern, "sagging" and "fat" midbrain with closed angle between the peduncles/pons , dural enhancement, and tonsillar descent.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR in a patient with severe IH shows obliteration of the suprasellar cistern, "sagging" and "fat" midbrain with closed angle between the peduncles/pons , dural enhancement, and tonsillar descent.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR in the same patient shows diffuse dural enhancement, hypodense extraaxial fluid collections, and small ventricles with medial deviation of the choroid and internal cerebral veins caused by midbrain descent.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR in the same patient shows diffuse dural enhancement, hypodense extraaxial fluid collections, and small ventricles with medial deviation of the choroid and internal cerebral veins caused by midbrain descent.*
-
-*Coronal T1WI C+ MR in the same patient shows subdural fluid with diffuse dural thickening extending into both internal auditory canals . The lateral ventricles are pulled toward the midline.*
+
+*Coronal T1WI C+ MR in the same patient shows subdural fluid with diffuse dural thickening extending into both internal auditory canals . The lateral ventricles are pulled toward the midline.*
*Coronal T2WI MR shows that the fluid collections are subdural hematomas of different ages. Drainage of the subdural hematomas without recognizing the underlying diagnosis of spontaneous IH caused worsening of the patient's symptoms.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR at the C2 level in a patient with spontaneous IH shows the draped curtain appearance of the markedly engorged epidural venous plexus . Brain MR (not shown) showed only mild dural enhancement.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR at the C2 level in a patient with spontaneous IH shows the draped curtain appearance of the markedly engorged epidural venous plexus . Brain MR (not shown) showed only mild dural enhancement.*
-
-*Coronal T1WI C+ MR in the same patient shows an enlarged pituitary gland with mild dural thickening .*
+
+*Coronal T1WI C+ MR in the same patient shows an enlarged pituitary gland with mild dural thickening .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a rounded, "plump" pituitary gland , often seen in IH. Note the effaced suprasellar cistern with optic chiasm draped over the pituitary gland, classic "slumping" midbrain, with decreased angle between the pons and midbrain .*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows a rounded, "plump" pituitary gland , often seen in IH. Note the effaced suprasellar cistern with optic chiasm draped over the pituitary gland, classic "slumping" midbrain, with decreased angle between the pons and midbrain .*
*Sagittal T1WI MR shows "sagging" midbrain, tonsillar herniation, and the optic chiasm "draped" over the dorsum sellae. T1WI C+ MR (not shown) demonstrated diffuse dural enhancement in this classic case of spontaneous IH.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ FS MR in a patient with spontaneous IH shows diffuse dura-arachnoid thickening from venous engorgement. Note extension into cerebellopontine angles .*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ FS MR in a patient with spontaneous IH shows diffuse dura-arachnoid thickening from venous engorgement. Note extension into cerebellopontine angles .*
*Axial T1WI C+ MR in the same patient after the blood patch shows complete resolution of dura-arachnoid enhancement.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/intraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_eeac8d9b-1fdc-432e-8e09-11589611f7a8.md b/docs_md/articles/intraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_eeac8d9b-1fdc-432e-8e09-11589611f7a8.md
index 016feb6..efafc91 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/intraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_eeac8d9b-1fdc-432e-8e09-11589611f7a8.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/intraventricular-obstructive-hydrocephalus_eeac8d9b-1fdc-432e-8e09-11589611f7a8.md
@@ -394,99 +394,99 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with headache and vomiting demonstrates a colloid cyst at the foramen of Monro causing intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH) with dilatation of both lateral ventricles . Note thin rim of periventricular hyperintensity due to interstitial edema.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with headache and vomiting demonstrates a colloid cyst at the foramen of Monro causing intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH) with dilatation of both lateral ventricles . Note thin rim of periventricular hyperintensity due to interstitial edema.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with headache and vomiting demonstrates a colloid cyst at the foramen of Monro causing intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH) with dilatation of both lateral ventricles . Note thin rim of periventricular hyperintensity due to interstitial edema.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with headache and vomiting demonstrates a colloid cyst at the foramen of Monro causing intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH) with dilatation of both lateral ventricles . Note thin rim of periventricular hyperintensity due to interstitial edema.*
-
-*Axial NECT in a patient with pineal region germinoma shows marked dilatation of the lateral ventricles and anterior 3rd ventricle with periventricular halo and diffuse effacement of the cortical sulci.*
+
+*Axial NECT in a patient with pineal region germinoma shows marked dilatation of the lateral ventricles and anterior 3rd ventricle with periventricular halo and diffuse effacement of the cortical sulci.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR in a patient presenting with headache and ataxia demonstrates a large heterogeneously enhancing mass in the left cerebellum with mass effect and effacement of the 4th ventricle . Biopsy revealed a glioblastoma.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR in a patient presenting with headache and ataxia demonstrates a large heterogeneously enhancing mass in the left cerebellum with mass effect and effacement of the 4th ventricle . Biopsy revealed a glioblastoma.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows marked dilatation of the lateral ventricles with extensive periventricular interstitial edema caused by compromised drainage of interstitial fluid or transependymal CSF migration.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows marked dilatation of the lateral ventricles with extensive periventricular interstitial edema caused by compromised drainage of interstitial fluid or transependymal CSF migration.*
-
-*Sagittal CISS MR in a patient with obstruction at the 4th ventricular outlet due to adhesions shows ballooning of the 4th ventricle , widening of the aqueduct of Sylvius , dilated 3rd and lateral ventricles with downward sloping of 3rd ventricular floor .*
+
+*Sagittal CISS MR in a patient with obstruction at the 4th ventricular outlet due to adhesions shows ballooning of the 4th ventricle , widening of the aqueduct of Sylvius , dilated 3rd and lateral ventricles with downward sloping of 3rd ventricular floor .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with tuberous sclerosis shows large subependymal giant cell astrocytoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus with mild periventricular edema . Note the subtle hyperintensity in the occipital lobe tuber .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with tuberous sclerosis shows large subependymal giant cell astrocytoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus with mild periventricular edema . Note the subtle hyperintensity in the occipital lobe tuber .*
-
-*Sagittal CISS MR in a patient with aqueductal stenosis due to a thin web causing obstructive hydrocephalus is shown. High resolution thin-section T2 MR exquisitely delineates the CSF spaces and may demonstrate subtle abnormalities not detected on standard sequences.*
+
+*Sagittal CISS MR in a patient with aqueductal stenosis due to a thin web causing obstructive hydrocephalus is shown. High resolution thin-section T2 MR exquisitely delineates the CSF spaces and may demonstrate subtle abnormalities not detected on standard sequences.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows marked enlarged lateral ventricles with a very thin periventricular hyperintense rim and no sulcal effacement due to chronic compensated IVOH.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient shows marked enlarged lateral ventricles with a very thin periventricular hyperintense rim and no sulcal effacement due to chronic compensated IVOH.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with IVOH shows an ependymal cyst at the foramen of Monro with asymmetric dilatation of the lateral ventricles, L > R. There is marked bulging of the medial wall of the left lateral ventricle.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with IVOH shows an ependymal cyst at the foramen of Monro with asymmetric dilatation of the lateral ventricles, L > R. There is marked bulging of the medial wall of the left lateral ventricle.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient demonstrates the large medial atrial diverticula , which herniates inferiorly through the tentorial incisura into the posterior fossa, compressing the vermis , tectal plate , aqueduct, and 4th ventricle .*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in the same patient demonstrates the large medial atrial diverticula , which herniates inferiorly through the tentorial incisura into the posterior fossa, compressing the vermis , tectal plate , aqueduct, and 4th ventricle .*
### Additional Images
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows large mass within the 4th ventricle causing IVOH or noncommunicating hydrocephalus.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows large mass within the 4th ventricle causing IVOH or noncommunicating hydrocephalus.*
*Sagittal T2WI MR in the same patient shows transependymal CSF flow, seen here as "fingers" extending into white matter around the enlarged lateral ventricle. The case was medulloblastoma with acute IVOH.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows IVOH with a large enhancing intraventricular mass causing marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles .*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows IVOH with a large enhancing intraventricular mass causing marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles .*
-
-*Axial NECT in the same patient shows the large intraventricular mass within the 4th ventricle. Note the dilated temporal horns .*
+
+*Axial NECT in the same patient shows the large intraventricular mass within the 4th ventricle. Note the dilated temporal horns .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows IVOH secondary to aqueductal stenosis and distal stenosis of cerebral aqueduct . Note the enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows IVOH secondary to aqueductal stenosis and distal stenosis of cerebral aqueduct . Note the enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurosarcoidosis and IVOH secondary to diffuse meningeal disease. Periventricular white matter hyperintensities are also present, as well as choroid involvement .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurosarcoidosis and IVOH secondary to diffuse meningeal disease. Periventricular white matter hyperintensities are also present, as well as choroid involvement .*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows neurocysticercosis involvement within the 3rd ventricle and aqueduct , causing IVOH. The lateral ventricles are dilated.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows neurocysticercosis involvement within the 3rd ventricle and aqueduct , causing IVOH. The lateral ventricles are dilated.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurocysticercosis resulting in IVOH. Large intraventricular cysts are present in the lateral vents , obstructing the foramina of Monro.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows neurocysticercosis resulting in IVOH. Large intraventricular cysts are present in the lateral vents , obstructing the foramina of Monro.*
-
-*Axial T1WI MR shows a well-defined, hyperintense lesion at the foramen of Monro in a patient with headaches, most consistent with a colloid cyst. Note the enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to obstruction at the foramen of Monro.*
+
+*Axial T1WI MR shows a well-defined, hyperintense lesion at the foramen of Monro in a patient with headaches, most consistent with a colloid cyst. Note the enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to obstruction at the foramen of Monro.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a homogeneously enhancing mass in the posterior 3rd ventricle , which causes obstruction and dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles. On pathology, this was an astrocytoma.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a homogeneously enhancing mass in the posterior 3rd ventricle , which causes obstruction and dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles. On pathology, this was an astrocytoma.*
-
-*Coronal T2WI MR shows a pilocytic astrocytoma centered in the right thalamus causing severe mass effect on the 3rd ventricle and resultant obstructive hydrocephalus .*
+
+*Coronal T2WI MR shows a pilocytic astrocytoma centered in the right thalamus causing severe mass effect on the 3rd ventricle and resultant obstructive hydrocephalus .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates a well-defined CSF intensity cyst with the left temporal horn most consistent with an ependymal cyst . Note the dilated and trapped left temporal horn .*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR demonstrates a well-defined CSF intensity cyst with the left temporal horn most consistent with an ependymal cyst . Note the dilated and trapped left temporal horn .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows an enhancing mass in the pineal region causing mass effect on the tectal plate and aqueductal obstruction. Note the extensive leptomeningeal enhancement due to CSF spread of tumor. CSF cytology showed a primitive neuroectodermal tumor.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows an enhancing mass in the pineal region causing mass effect on the tectal plate and aqueductal obstruction. Note the extensive leptomeningeal enhancement due to CSF spread of tumor. CSF cytology showed a primitive neuroectodermal tumor.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR in a patient with corpus callosum impingement syndrome, after shunting for severe IVOH, shows a shunt tube , bilateral subdural fluid collections, and striated hyperintensity in the corpus callosum with somewhat less striking changes in the periventricular white matter . (Courtesy S. Candy, MD.)*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR in a patient with corpus callosum impingement syndrome, after shunting for severe IVOH, shows a shunt tube , bilateral subdural fluid collections, and striated hyperintensity in the corpus callosum with somewhat less striking changes in the periventricular white matter . (Courtesy S. Candy, MD.)*
-
-*Axial NECT in a patient with headache demonstrates a classic colloid cyst at the foramen of Monro causing IVOH with dilatation of both lateral ventricles . Note the periventricular hypodensities due to transependymal leakage of CSF.*
+
+*Axial NECT in a patient with headache demonstrates a classic colloid cyst at the foramen of Monro causing IVOH with dilatation of both lateral ventricles . Note the periventricular hypodensities due to transependymal leakage of CSF.*
-
-*Axial CECT demonstrates a subacute left posterior inferior cerebellar infarct causing mass effect on the 4th ventricle and resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus .*
+
+*Axial CECT demonstrates a subacute left posterior inferior cerebellar infarct causing mass effect on the 4th ventricle and resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows massive enlargement of the 3rd and lateral ventricles by a CSF-like mass within the 3rd ventricle . There is periventricular interstitial edema . At surgery, an ependymal cyst of the 3rd ventricle was found and fenestrated.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows massive enlargement of the 3rd and lateral ventricles by a CSF-like mass within the 3rd ventricle . There is periventricular interstitial edema . At surgery, an ependymal cyst of the 3rd ventricle was found and fenestrated.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows a large arachnoid cyst in the superior cerebellar cistern causing severe mass effect on the tectal plate and aqueduct .There is dilatation of the 3rd and lateral ventricles with thinning of the corpus callosum .*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows a large arachnoid cyst in the superior cerebellar cistern causing severe mass effect on the tectal plate and aqueduct .There is dilatation of the 3rd and lateral ventricles with thinning of the corpus callosum .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a cyst with an enhancing mural nodule of hemangioblastoma in the vermis, causing severe effacement of the 4th ventricle and obstructive hydrocephalus.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a cyst with an enhancing mural nodule of hemangioblastoma in the vermis, causing severe effacement of the 4th ventricle and obstructive hydrocephalus.*
-
-*Sagittal T2 MR demonstrates an enlarged T2 hyperintense tectal plate glioma , which causes obstruction at the aqueduct and dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 MR demonstrates an enlarged T2 hyperintense tectal plate glioma , which causes obstruction at the aqueduct and dilatation of the lateral and 3rd ventricles .*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/irregular-lateral-ventricles_f42ce651-9877-480b-90d8-665be656b33f.md b/docs_md/articles/irregular-lateral-ventricles_f42ce651-9877-480b-90d8-665be656b33f.md
index efe4a32..5917f4b 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/irregular-lateral-ventricles_f42ce651-9877-480b-90d8-665be656b33f.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/irregular-lateral-ventricles_f42ce651-9877-480b-90d8-665be656b33f.md
@@ -186,174 +186,174 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial T2 MR in a patient with chronic shunting demonstrates slit-like irregular lateral ventricles due to noncompliance from chronic drainage.*
+*Axial T2 MR in a patient with chronic shunting demonstrates slit-like irregular lateral ventricles due to noncompliance from chronic drainage.*
-
+
**Surgical Defects**
-*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a large surgical defect in the left frontal lobe due to prior tumor resection communicating with the left lateral ventricle , which appears irregular.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates a large surgical defect in the left frontal lobe due to prior tumor resection communicating with the left lateral ventricle , which appears irregular.*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Axial T2 MR in a 5-year-old boy with spastic cerebral palsy demonstrates irregular lateral ventricles with paucity of white matter and periventricular hyperintensities , consistent with periventricular leukomalacia.*
+*Axial T2 MR in a 5-year-old boy with spastic cerebral palsy demonstrates irregular lateral ventricles with paucity of white matter and periventricular hyperintensities , consistent with periventricular leukomalacia.*
-
+
**Cerebral Infarction, Chronic**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates encephalomalacia in the left occipital lobe with ex vacuo dilation of left occipital horn due to PCA territory chronic infarct.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates encephalomalacia in the left occipital lobe with ex vacuo dilation of left occipital horn due to PCA territory chronic infarct.*
-
+
**Multiple Sclerosis**
-*Axial T2 MR in a patient with primary progressive MS demonstrates extensive white matter hyperintensities with asymmetric parenchymal volume loss and ex vacuo dilation of lateral ventricles .*
+*Axial T2 MR in a patient with primary progressive MS demonstrates extensive white matter hyperintensities with asymmetric parenchymal volume loss and ex vacuo dilation of lateral ventricles .*
-
+
**Porencephalic Cyst**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a right occipital lobe, smooth-walled, cystic encephalomalacia lined by white matter and communicating with the lateral ventricle, consistent with porencephalic cyst.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates a right occipital lobe, smooth-walled, cystic encephalomalacia lined by white matter and communicating with the lateral ventricle, consistent with porencephalic cyst.*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Axial NECT demonstrates irregular lateral ventricles with a right frontal lobe shunt catheter . Note diffuse calvarial thickening due to chronic shunting. Images of posterior fossa revealed small posterior fossa and other stigmata of Chiari 2 malformation (not shown).*
+*Axial NECT demonstrates irregular lateral ventricles with a right frontal lobe shunt catheter . Note diffuse calvarial thickening due to chronic shunting. Images of posterior fossa revealed small posterior fossa and other stigmata of Chiari 2 malformation (not shown).*
-
+
**Heterotopic Gray Matter**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates nodular gray matter heterotopia along the ependymal lining of bilateral occipital horns.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates nodular gray matter heterotopia along the ependymal lining of bilateral occipital horns.*
-
+
**Tuberous Sclerosis Complex**
-*Axial 3D T1 MPRAGE in a patient with known tuberous sclerosis demonstrates multiple subependymal nodules . Also note tiny cysts in white matter . Cortical/ subcortical tubers and white matter radial migration lines were seen (not shown).*
+*Axial 3D T1 MPRAGE in a patient with known tuberous sclerosis demonstrates multiple subependymal nodules . Also note tiny cysts in white matter . Cortical/ subcortical tubers and white matter radial migration lines were seen (not shown).*
-
+
**Metastases, Intracranial, Other**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a patient with metastatic lung cancer demonstrates multiple heterogeneously enhancing metastatic lesions in bilateral periventricular regions .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a patient with metastatic lung cancer demonstrates multiple heterogeneously enhancing metastatic lesions in bilateral periventricular regions .*
-
+
**Intraventricular Webs or Adhesions**
-*Axial 3D T2 HASTE MR in a neonate demonstrates multiple septa/webs in both lateral ventricles . Also note asymmetrically dilated, irregular lateral ventricles . Encephalomalacia in the right parietooccipital region is due to antenatal insult.*
+*Axial 3D T2 HASTE MR in a neonate demonstrates multiple septa/webs in both lateral ventricles . Also note asymmetrically dilated, irregular lateral ventricles . Encephalomalacia in the right parietooccipital region is due to antenatal insult.*
-
+
**CMV, Congenital**
-*Axial NECT in a 2-year-old with a known congenital CMV infection demonstrates moderately dilated irregular lateral ventricles as well as periventricular and deep white matter calcifications . Note lissencephalic gyral pattern .*
+*Axial NECT in a 2-year-old with a known congenital CMV infection demonstrates moderately dilated irregular lateral ventricles as well as periventricular and deep white matter calcifications . Note lissencephalic gyral pattern .*
-
+
**Schizencephaly**
-*Axial 3D T1 MR demonstrates open-lip schizencephaly with a seam connecting ependymal to pial surface . Note gray matter lining the cystic area , differentiating it from a porencephalic cyst.*
+*Axial 3D T1 MR demonstrates open-lip schizencephaly with a seam connecting ependymal to pial surface . Note gray matter lining the cystic area , differentiating it from a porencephalic cyst.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly Variants**
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates absent septum with absent posterior body of corpus callosum. Also seen was abnormal bilateral sylvian fissure with ventricle orientation and midline fusion (not shown), consistent with syntelencephaly, a.k.a. middle interhemispheric variant holoprosencephaly.*
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates absent septum with absent posterior body of corpus callosum. Also seen was abnormal bilateral sylvian fissure with ventricle orientation and midline fusion (not shown), consistent with syntelencephaly, a.k.a. middle interhemispheric variant holoprosencephaly.*
### Additional Images
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial NECT shows a right frontal ventricular drain that traverses the right ventricle but is not decompressing the left lateral ventricle, which remains irregularly enlarged .*
+*Axial NECT shows a right frontal ventricular drain that traverses the right ventricle but is not decompressing the left lateral ventricle, which remains irregularly enlarged .*
-
+
**Surgical Defects**
-*Axial T2 MR shows irregular enlargement of the left occipital horn due to left temporal and occipital surgical defect and encephalomalacia from tumor removal in this location.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows irregular enlargement of the left occipital horn due to left temporal and occipital surgical defect and encephalomalacia from tumor removal in this location.*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Axial T2 MR shows classic "wavy" or undulating contours of the lateral ventricles in addition to colpocephaly (enlargement of the posterior portions of lateral ventricles). Colpocephaly reflects the predominantly posterior volume loss.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows classic "wavy" or undulating contours of the lateral ventricles in addition to colpocephaly (enlargement of the posterior portions of lateral ventricles). Colpocephaly reflects the predominantly posterior volume loss.*
-
+
**Cerebral Infarction, Chronic**
-*Axial NECT shows irregular enlargement of the left frontal horn due to focal regional parenchymal volume loss in this patient with remote MCA infarct.*
+*Axial NECT shows irregular enlargement of the left frontal horn due to focal regional parenchymal volume loss in this patient with remote MCA infarct.*
-
+
**Heterotopic Gray Matter**
-*Axial T1 FS MR shows multifocal nodularity along ependymal margins of both lateral ventricles . These nodules follow gray matter signal on all sequences and do not enhance or change over time.*
+*Axial T1 FS MR shows multifocal nodularity along ependymal margins of both lateral ventricles . These nodules follow gray matter signal on all sequences and do not enhance or change over time.*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Axial NECT shows irregularly dilated occipital horns with interdigitation of parietal and occipital parenchyma across midline due to a falx deficiency.*
+*Axial NECT shows irregularly dilated occipital horns with interdigitation of parietal and occipital parenchyma across midline due to a falx deficiency.*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Coronal T2 MR shows dysgenetic corpus callosum, small posterior fossa, and interdigitation of gyri from deficient falx, best seen post shunting. Cerebellum "towers" through the tentorial notch.*
+*Coronal T2 MR shows dysgenetic corpus callosum, small posterior fossa, and interdigitation of gyri from deficient falx, best seen post shunting. Cerebellum "towers" through the tentorial notch.*
-
+
**Tuberous Sclerosis Complex**
-*Axial T2 MR shows multiple calcified subependymal nodules (SEN) lining ventricles. Note also subcortical tubers . SEN calcify much more commonly than cortical/subcortical tubers. ~ 50% of SEN are calcified by 10 years.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows multiple calcified subependymal nodules (SEN) lining ventricles. Note also subcortical tubers . SEN calcify much more commonly than cortical/subcortical tubers. ~ 50% of SEN are calcified by 10 years.*
-
+
**Tuberous Sclerosis Complex**
-*Axial T2 MR shows small, subependymal nodules , which indent lateral ventricle margins. Unlike gray matter heterotopia, these follow WM signal or are calcified.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows small, subependymal nodules , which indent lateral ventricle margins. Unlike gray matter heterotopia, these follow WM signal or are calcified.*
-
+
**Metastases, Intracranial, Other**
-*Axial T1 MR shows nodular ependymal thickening with an enhancing rind of tissue along the entire ventricular ependyma . While infection & primary malignant brain neoplasms such as GBM, germinoma, and lymphoma commonly spread along ventricular ependyma, this is a recognized but uncommon site for tumor deposits from extracranial primary tumors (melanoma in this case).*
+*Axial T1 MR shows nodular ependymal thickening with an enhancing rind of tissue along the entire ventricular ependyma . While infection & primary malignant brain neoplasms such as GBM, germinoma, and lymphoma commonly spread along ventricular ependyma, this is a recognized but uncommon site for tumor deposits from extracranial primary tumors (melanoma in this case).*
-
+
**Schizencephaly**
-*Axial T2 MR shows a small dimple on the lateral ventricular wall, which "points" to the site of a fused pial-ependymal seam . The aperture of the cleft is lined by gray matter in this closed-lip schizencephaly.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows a small dimple on the lateral ventricular wall, which "points" to the site of a fused pial-ependymal seam . The aperture of the cleft is lined by gray matter in this closed-lip schizencephaly.*
-
+
**Schizencephaly**
-*Axial T2 MR shows cortical dysplasia and open-lip schizencephaly . Schizencephaly is closed-lip with a fused, gray matter-lined pial-ependymal seam or open-lip with large, gray matter-lined and fluid-filled CSF clefts.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows cortical dysplasia and open-lip schizencephaly . Schizencephaly is closed-lip with a fused, gray matter-lined pial-ependymal seam or open-lip with large, gray matter-lined and fluid-filled CSF clefts.*
-
+
**Schizencephaly**
-*Axial NECT shows focal outpouchings of CSF from both lateral ventricles with a CSF cleft extending from lateral ventricles to the subpial surface. The pial-ependymal seam is lined by gray matter.*
+*Axial NECT shows focal outpouchings of CSF from both lateral ventricles with a CSF cleft extending from lateral ventricles to the subpial surface. The pial-ependymal seam is lined by gray matter.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Axial NECT shows septum pellucidum and anterior falx absence. Frontal horns are hypoplastic. A band of parenchyma crosses midline . Mild frontal lobe fusion anomalies, as seen here, are typical of lobar holoprosencephaly.*
+*Axial NECT shows septum pellucidum and anterior falx absence. Frontal horns are hypoplastic. A band of parenchyma crosses midline . Mild frontal lobe fusion anomalies, as seen here, are typical of lobar holoprosencephaly.*
-
+
**Schizencephaly**
-*Axial T1 MR shows open-lip schizencephaly with large, gray matter-lined and a fluid-filled CSF cleft. In addition, there is ventricular wall irregularity due to subependymal gray matter heterotopia bilaterally .*
+*Axial T1 MR shows open-lip schizencephaly with large, gray matter-lined and a fluid-filled CSF cleft. In addition, there is ventricular wall irregularity due to subependymal gray matter heterotopia bilaterally .*
-
+
**Schizencephaly**
-*Coronal T2 MR demonstrates closed-lip schizencephaly. Abnormal, thick gray matter lines the cleft extending to a dimple in the wall of the right lateral ventricle .*
+*Coronal T2 MR demonstrates closed-lip schizencephaly. Abnormal, thick gray matter lines the cleft extending to a dimple in the wall of the right lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Tuberous Sclerosis Complex**
-*Axial CT shows multiple calcified subependymal nodules lining the ventricles in a patient with tuberous sclerosis. The nodules calcify much more commonly than cortical/subcortical tubers. Note traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the left Sylvian fissure.*
+*Axial CT shows multiple calcified subependymal nodules lining the ventricles in a patient with tuberous sclerosis. The nodules calcify much more commonly than cortical/subcortical tubers. Note traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the left Sylvian fissure.*
-
+
**Heterotopic Gray Matter**
-*Axial T2 MR shows multiple bilateral subependymal nodules of heterotopic gray matter along the lateral ventricular margins. These nodules follow gray matter signal on all sequences.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows multiple bilateral subependymal nodules of heterotopic gray matter along the lateral ventricular margins. These nodules follow gray matter signal on all sequences.*
-
+
**Chiari 2**
-*Axial CT in a Chiari 2 patient shows typical irregular appearance of the ventricles. Note the left posterior shunt catheter .*
+*Axial CT in a Chiari 2 patient shows typical irregular appearance of the ventricles. Note the left posterior shunt catheter .*
-
+
**Cerebral Infarction, Chronic**
-*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates left posterior middle cerebral artery encephalomalacia with mild ex vacuo dilatation of the left occipital horn and atrium .*
+*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates left posterior middle cerebral artery encephalomalacia with mild ex vacuo dilatation of the left occipital horn and atrium .*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Axial T2 MR in periventricular leukomalacia shows asymmetric, posterior, periventricular white matter (WM) volume loss with irregular ventricular margins . Periventricular leukomalacia, a.k.a. WM injury of prematurity, is a result of brain injury occurring before 33 weeks gestation and resulting in loss of periventricular WM.*
+*Axial T2 MR in periventricular leukomalacia shows asymmetric, posterior, periventricular white matter (WM) volume loss with irregular ventricular margins . Periventricular leukomalacia, a.k.a. WM injury of prematurity, is a result of brain injury occurring before 33 weeks gestation and resulting in loss of periventricular WM.*
-
+
**Surgical Defects**
-*Axial FIESTA MR in a patient following left temporal bone surgery shows skull defect , underlying encephalomalacia , and ex vacuo dilatation of the left lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial FIESTA MR in a patient following left temporal bone surgery shows skull defect , underlying encephalomalacia , and ex vacuo dilatation of the left lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**CSF Shunts and Complications**
-*Axial T1 MR demonstrates a right parietal shunt catheter with its tip in the right frontal horn in a patient with congenital aqueductal stenosis. The right lateral ventricle is collapsed, while the 3rd and left lateral ventricles are moderately dilated.*
+*Axial T1 MR demonstrates a right parietal shunt catheter with its tip in the right frontal horn in a patient with congenital aqueductal stenosis. The right lateral ventricle is collapsed, while the 3rd and left lateral ventricles are moderately dilated.*
-
+
**Porencephalic Cyst**
-*Axial CECT shows a low-density outpouching from the right lateral ventricle . While a thin rim of cortex seems intact, the cyst nearly reaches brain surface and can be considered a porencephalic dilation or porencephalic lateral ventricle cyst.*
+*Axial CECT shows a low-density outpouching from the right lateral ventricle . While a thin rim of cortex seems intact, the cyst nearly reaches brain surface and can be considered a porencephalic dilation or porencephalic lateral ventricle cyst.*
-
+
**Metastases, Intracranial, Other**
-*Axial T2 MR shows near-complete coating of the ependymal lining of both lateral ventricles with tumor nodules due to metastatic seeding of an anaplastic oligodendroglioma.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows near-complete coating of the ependymal lining of both lateral ventricles with tumor nodules due to metastatic seeding of an anaplastic oligodendroglioma.*
-
+
**CMV, Congenital**
-*Axial NECT shows periventricular calcification , particularly along the caudostriatal groove, in the context of microcephaly and developmental delay. This strongly suggests congenital CMV infection. Note smooth ventricular margins, unlike calcified nodules in tuberous sclerosis complex.*
+*Axial NECT shows periventricular calcification , particularly along the caudostriatal groove, in the context of microcephaly and developmental delay. This strongly suggests congenital CMV infection. Note smooth ventricular margins, unlike calcified nodules in tuberous sclerosis complex.*
-
+
**Hemimegalencephaly**
-*Axial T2 MR shows enlargement of left cerebral hemisphere accompanied by an irregular ipsilateral ventricle . The body of the left hemispheric WM is bulky. Note left fornix overgrowth.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows enlargement of left cerebral hemisphere accompanied by an irregular ipsilateral ventricle . The body of the left hemispheric WM is bulky. Note left fornix overgrowth.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Axial T1 MR shows a large, horseshoe-shaped monoventricle with fused basal ganglia . There is no interhemispheric fissure and no identifiable lobulation or formation of ventricular horns in this alobar holoprosencephaly.*
+*Axial T1 MR shows a large, horseshoe-shaped monoventricle with fused basal ganglia . There is no interhemispheric fissure and no identifiable lobulation or formation of ventricular horns in this alobar holoprosencephaly.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_7892b2a2-f52a-4d7f-9858-a326f2b7ab04.md b/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_7892b2a2-f52a-4d7f-9858-a326f2b7ab04.md
index 9473d42..fce1b3f 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_7892b2a2-f52a-4d7f-9858-a326f2b7ab04.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_7892b2a2-f52a-4d7f-9858-a326f2b7ab04.md
@@ -393,62 +393,62 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal graphic illustrates multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, and spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
+
+*Sagittal graphic illustrates multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, and spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR demonstrates numerous well-defined and ill-defined callososeptal hyperintensities radiating from the lateral ventricular margin with a typical perpendicular orientation, characteristic of MS.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR demonstrates numerous well-defined and ill-defined callososeptal hyperintensities radiating from the lateral ventricular margin with a typical perpendicular orientation, characteristic of MS.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR demonstrates numerous well-defined and ill-defined callososeptal hyperintensities radiating from the lateral ventricular margin with a typical perpendicular orientation, characteristic of MS.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR demonstrates numerous well-defined and ill-defined callososeptal hyperintensities radiating from the lateral ventricular margin with a typical perpendicular orientation, characteristic of MS.*
-![Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_8e1b38d3-c2c0-4128-80a1-f2e3640c3b91_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_d73c35bf_20251018T122505Z.jpg)
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).*
+![Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_8e1b38d3-c2c0-4128-80a1-f2e3640c3b91_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_d73c35bf_20251018T122505Z.jpg)
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).*
-![Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_8e1b38d3-c2c0-4128-80a1-f2e3640c3b91_size_168_quality_85_9844f252_20251018T095337Z.jpg)
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).*
+![Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_8e1b38d3-c2c0-4128-80a1-f2e3640c3b91_size_168_quality_85_9844f252_20251018T095337Z.jpg)
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows subcortical and cortical demyelinating MS plaques. Cortical lesions are better seen at higher field strength MR and are classified as leukocortical [inner aspect of cortex ± involvement of juxtacortical white matter (WM)], intracortical (purely within cortex), and subpial (involving outer aspect of cortex).*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a patient with MS demonstrate multiple enhancing plaques due to active demyelination. Punctate , nodular , and rim patterns are seen.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a patient with MS demonstrate multiple enhancing plaques due to active demyelination. Punctate , nodular , and rim patterns are seen.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a patient with MS demonstrate multiple enhancing plaques due to active demyelination. Punctate , nodular , and rim patterns are seen.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a patient with MS demonstrate multiple enhancing plaques due to active demyelination. Punctate , nodular , and rim patterns are seen.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with longstanding MS shows ovoid lesions in the periventricular WM with ill-defined hyperintense rims surrounding the plaques, giving the distinct lesion within a lesion appearance.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with longstanding MS shows ovoid lesions in the periventricular WM with ill-defined hyperintense rims surrounding the plaques, giving the distinct lesion within a lesion appearance.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with longstanding MS shows ovoid lesions in the periventricular WM with ill-defined hyperintense rims surrounding the plaques, giving the distinct lesion within a lesion appearance.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with longstanding MS shows ovoid lesions in the periventricular WM with ill-defined hyperintense rims surrounding the plaques, giving the distinct lesion within a lesion appearance.*
-
-*Axial SWI (R) demonstrates characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it. Axial SWI (L) in the same patient shows findings related to Natalizumab-associated PML with juxtacortical hypointense rim .*
+
+*Axial SWI (R) demonstrates characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it. Axial SWI (L) in the same patient shows findings related to Natalizumab-associated PML with juxtacortical hypointense rim .*
-
-*Axial SWI (R) demonstrates characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it. Axial SWI (L) in the same patient shows findings related to Natalizumab-associated PML with juxtacortical hypointense rim .*
+
+*Axial SWI (R) demonstrates characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it. Axial SWI (L) in the same patient shows findings related to Natalizumab-associated PML with juxtacortical hypointense rim .*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a large hypointense mass with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "open ring" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for a tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a large hypointense mass with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "open ring" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for a tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a large hypointense mass with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "open ring" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for a tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows a large hypointense mass with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "open ring" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for a tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
-
-*MRS at 144 TE in the same patient demonstrates a large choline peak with ↓ in NAA . MRS in a tumefactive demyelinating lesion is not specific and can mimic a tumor profile. MR DSC perfusion (insert) shows marked ↓ rCBV , which goes more in favor of a demyelinating lesion.*
+
+*MRS at 144 TE in the same patient demonstrates a large choline peak with ↓ in NAA . MRS in a tumefactive demyelinating lesion is not specific and can mimic a tumor profile. MR DSC perfusion (insert) shows marked ↓ rCBV , which goes more in favor of a demyelinating lesion.*
-
-*MRS at 144 TE in the same patient demonstrates a large choline peak with ↓ in NAA . MRS in a tumefactive demyelinating lesion is not specific and can mimic a tumor profile. MR DSC perfusion (insert) shows marked ↓ rCBV , which goes more in favor of a demyelinating lesion.*
+
+*MRS at 144 TE in the same patient demonstrates a large choline peak with ↓ in NAA . MRS in a tumefactive demyelinating lesion is not specific and can mimic a tumor profile. MR DSC perfusion (insert) shows marked ↓ rCBV , which goes more in favor of a demyelinating lesion.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates concentric laminated "onion bulb" enhancement , characteristic of acute Baló concentric sclerosis. Baló concentric sclerosis is a rare aggressive MS variant characterized by acute onset and rapid deterioration.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates concentric laminated "onion bulb" enhancement , characteristic of acute Baló concentric sclerosis. Baló concentric sclerosis is a rare aggressive MS variant characterized by acute onset and rapid deterioration.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates concentric laminated "onion bulb" enhancement , characteristic of acute Baló concentric sclerosis. Baló concentric sclerosis is a rare aggressive MS variant characterized by acute onset and rapid deterioration.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates concentric laminated "onion bulb" enhancement , characteristic of acute Baló concentric sclerosis. Baló concentric sclerosis is a rare aggressive MS variant characterized by acute onset and rapid deterioration.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a young male with rapid onset of visual disturbance demonstrates large enhancing demyelinating lesions in the deep and periventricular WM. Marburg disease is an acute fulminant MS variant.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a young male with rapid onset of visual disturbance demonstrates large enhancing demyelinating lesions in the deep and periventricular WM. Marburg disease is an acute fulminant MS variant.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a young male with rapid onset of visual disturbance demonstrates large enhancing demyelinating lesions in the deep and periventricular WM. Marburg disease is an acute fulminant MS variant.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a young male with rapid onset of visual disturbance demonstrates large enhancing demyelinating lesions in the deep and periventricular WM. Marburg disease is an acute fulminant MS variant.*
### Additional Images
@@ -456,8 +456,8 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows MS plaques with typical perpendicular orientation at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules ("Dawson fingers"), as well as involving subcortical WM.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows MS plaques with hyperintense rim and central hypointensity (latter also hypointense on T1WI; not shown). Note the characteristic posterior fossa lesion .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows MS plaques with hyperintense rim and central hypointensity (latter also hypointense on T1WI; not shown). Note the characteristic posterior fossa lesion .*
*Axial T1WI C+ MR demonstrates nodular, enhancing MS plaques. Note the common periventricular location with perpendicular orientation, as well as the involvement of subcortical WM.*
@@ -477,14 +477,14 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial FLAIR MR shows confluent periventricular WM hyperintensity typical of advanced, longstanding MS with loss of discrete, linear, periventricular lesions.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows multiple hypointense lesions ("black holes") in the deep WM related to axonal destruction. Note the associated moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows multiple hypointense lesions ("black holes") in the deep WM related to axonal destruction. Note the associated moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement.*
-
-*Coronal T1WI C+ MR shows a hypointense mass in the left posterior frontal region with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "horseshoe" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
+
+*Coronal T1WI C+ MR shows a hypointense mass in the left posterior frontal region with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "horseshoe" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ FS shows bright enhancement of the optic nerves , similar to the extraocular muscles, in a patient with MS and acute bilateral optic neuritis.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ FS shows bright enhancement of the optic nerves , similar to the extraocular muscles, in a patient with MS and acute bilateral optic neuritis.*
*Axial FLAIR MR shows numerous peripheral WM and cortical lesions that exhibited robust contrast enhancement in an 18-year-old woman with malignant (Marburg) MS. The patient presented with a 2-week history of behavioral changes and leg pain and died 3 weeks after presentation. Autopsy showed typical demyelinating pathology.*
@@ -492,15 +492,15 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows numerous enhancing MS plaques that were present throughout the infratentorial and supratentorial brain. Lesions may show homogeneous enhancement but may also exhibit ring or an incomplete ring pattern of enhancement.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR shows callososeptal hyperintensities radiating from the lateral ventricles with a typical perpendicular orientation, characteristic of MS.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR shows callososeptal hyperintensities radiating from the lateral ventricles with a typical perpendicular orientation, characteristic of MS.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR in a 35-year-old woman with MS shows extensive confluent periventricular hyperintense lesions , typical of advanced, longstanding MS with loss of discrete, linear, periventricular lesions. Note prominence of the ventricles and cortical sulci due to diffuse atrophy.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR in a 35-year-old woman with MS shows extensive confluent periventricular hyperintense lesions , typical of advanced, longstanding MS with loss of discrete, linear, periventricular lesions. Note prominence of the ventricles and cortical sulci due to diffuse atrophy.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows multiple hypointense lesions ("black holes") in the periventricular WM related to axonal destruction. Note the associated moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement. T1 "back holes" are correlated with greater tissue damage and ↑ axonal destruction on histopathology.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows multiple hypointense lesions ("black holes") in the periventricular WM related to axonal destruction. Note the associated moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement. T1 "back holes" are correlated with greater tissue damage and ↑ axonal destruction on histopathology.*
-
-*Axial SWI demonstrates characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it.*
+
+*Axial SWI demonstrates characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_89599954-599e-4410-a517-eb22125cedfb.md b/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_89599954-599e-4410-a517-eb22125cedfb.md
index 6da3aec..fafbffb 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_89599954-599e-4410-a517-eb22125cedfb.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_89599954-599e-4410-a517-eb22125cedfb.md
@@ -470,32 +470,32 @@ Ultrasound/ANATOMY:daf8e6c7-c462-456a-ae66-ba4c913c42d3
*Sagittal graphic depicts multiple demyelinating plaques within the cervical spinal cord, which are < 2 vertebral bodies in length.*
-
-*Sagittal T2 (left) & T1 C+ MR (right) show an active plaque at the C6-C7 level with ring enhancement & focal T2 hyperintensity .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 (left) & T1 C+ MR (right) show an active plaque at the C6-C7 level with ring enhancement & focal T2 hyperintensity .*
-
-*Sagittal T2 (left), PD (middle), & STIR (right) MR show multiple short-segment multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques within the thoracic cord . Note the relatively improved conspicuity of the plaques on the PD & STIR relative to the routine T2 sequence.*
+
+*Sagittal T2 (left), PD (middle), & STIR (right) MR show multiple short-segment multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques within the thoracic cord . Note the relatively improved conspicuity of the plaques on the PD & STIR relative to the routine T2 sequence.*
-
-*Sagittal T2 (left), T2 (middle), & T1 C+ FS (right) MR of the thoracic spine show multiple short-segment foci of T2 hyperintensity in this patient with MS. Multiple lesions show solid enhancement .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 (left), T2 (middle), & T1 C+ FS (right) MR of the thoracic spine show multiple short-segment foci of T2 hyperintensity in this patient with MS. Multiple lesions show solid enhancement .*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows focal MS plaques as T2 hyperintensity within both the right & left lateral aspects of the cervical cord .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows focal MS plaques as T2 hyperintensity within both the right & left lateral aspects of the cervical cord .*
*Axial T1 C+ MR shows focal enhancement within the right & left lateral aspect of the cervical cord in this patient with active MS plaques.*
-
-*Sagittal T2 (left) & T1 C+ MR (right) show active enhancing plaque at the C2 level with both focal well-defined (enhancing) T2 focus & a small amount of surrounding nonenhancing edema .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 (left) & T1 C+ MR (right) show active enhancing plaque at the C2 level with both focal well-defined (enhancing) T2 focus & a small amount of surrounding nonenhancing edema .*
-
-*Sagittal T2 (left) & T1 C+ FS (right) MR show several T2-hyperintense foci in the cervical cord in this patient with MS. 2 of the lesions enhance reflecting active demyelination .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 (left) & T1 C+ FS (right) MR show several T2-hyperintense foci in the cervical cord in this patient with MS. 2 of the lesions enhance reflecting active demyelination .*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows focal T2-hyperintense demyelinating lesions with both central & peripheral involvement . T2-hyperintense lesions are not specific for plaque age, degree of myelin & axon loss, or amount of edema & inflammation.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows focal T2-hyperintense demyelinating lesions with both central & peripheral involvement . T2-hyperintense lesions are not specific for plaque age, degree of myelin & axon loss, or amount of edema & inflammation.*
-
-*Sagittal high-resolution GRE MR of the thoracic cord shows multiple areas of ↑ signal in this patient with MS. All lesions are ≤ 2 vertebral bodies in length, typical for MS.*
+
+*Sagittal high-resolution GRE MR of the thoracic cord shows multiple areas of ↑ signal in this patient with MS. All lesions are ≤ 2 vertebral bodies in length, typical for MS.*
### Additional Images
@@ -518,21 +518,21 @@ Ultrasound/ANATOMY:daf8e6c7-c462-456a-ae66-ba4c913c42d3
*Sagittal T2WI MR of cervical cord shows an ill-defined hyperintense intramedullary lesion at C5-C6.*
-
-*Sagittal STIR MR shows a focal hyperintense demyelinating plaque within the thoracic cord without significant cord expansion. STIR MR is more sensitive for lesion depiction than T2WI MR at the price of more artifacts.*
+
+*Sagittal STIR MR shows a focal hyperintense demyelinating plaque within the thoracic cord without significant cord expansion. STIR MR is more sensitive for lesion depiction than T2WI MR at the price of more artifacts.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates multiple T2-hyperintense foci , some well defined & others ill defined. The multiplicity of lesions & lack of edema or significant cord expansion is typical for demyelinating disease.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates multiple T2-hyperintense foci , some well defined & others ill defined. The multiplicity of lesions & lack of edema or significant cord expansion is typical for demyelinating disease.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows multiple enhancing demyelinating lesions within the cervical spinal cord. Enhancement varies from focal to ill defined . The enhancement pattern changes with evolution of inflammation.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows multiple enhancing demyelinating lesions within the cervical spinal cord. Enhancement varies from focal to ill defined . The enhancement pattern changes with evolution of inflammation.*
-
-*T1WI C+ MR (sagittal on top, axial on bottom) illustrates an incomplete rim-enhancing lesion in the dorsal cervical cord at the C3-C4 level. A 2nd small enhancing focus is noted in the ventral cord at the C6 level .*
+
+*T1WI C+ MR (sagittal on top, axial on bottom) illustrates an incomplete rim-enhancing lesion in the dorsal cervical cord at the C3-C4 level. A 2nd small enhancing focus is noted in the ventral cord at the C6 level .*
-
-*Sagittal PD FSE MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates characteristic ovoid hyperintense intramedullary demyelinating lesions without significant cord expansion.*
+
+*Sagittal PD FSE MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates characteristic ovoid hyperintense intramedullary demyelinating lesions without significant cord expansion.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR of the cervical spinal cord depicts focal ring enhancement within an active MS demyelinating lesion.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR of the cervical spinal cord depicts focal ring enhancement within an active MS demyelinating lesion.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-brain_a5b155b3-03ee-4934-8023-e681ed9e8296.md b/docs_md/articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-brain_a5b155b3-03ee-4934-8023-e681ed9e8296.md
index 6c7dd02..31b2703 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-brain_a5b155b3-03ee-4934-8023-e681ed9e8296.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-brain_a5b155b3-03ee-4934-8023-e681ed9e8296.md
@@ -423,35 +423,35 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 10-year-old with acute myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) shows characteristic thalamic , basal ganglia , hypothalamic , and insular cortex hyperintense lesions. The hypothalamic lesions are relatively subtle but correlated clinically with lethargy and hypothalamic symptoms and signs.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 10-year-old with acute myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) shows characteristic thalamic , basal ganglia , hypothalamic , and insular cortex hyperintense lesions. The hypothalamic lesions are relatively subtle but correlated clinically with lethargy and hypothalamic symptoms and signs.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 10-year-old with acute myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) shows characteristic thalamic , basal ganglia , hypothalamic , and insular cortex hyperintense lesions. The hypothalamic lesions are relatively subtle but correlated clinically with lethargy and hypothalamic symptoms and signs.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 10-year-old with acute myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) shows characteristic thalamic , basal ganglia , hypothalamic , and insular cortex hyperintense lesions. The hypothalamic lesions are relatively subtle but correlated clinically with lethargy and hypothalamic symptoms and signs.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient additionally reveals brainstem/cerebellar peduncle , deep cerebellar white matter , and cerebellar hemisphere lesions.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient additionally reveals brainstem/cerebellar peduncle , deep cerebellar white matter , and cerebellar hemisphere lesions.*
*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement of the thalamic, basal ganglia, and hypothalamic lesions. In this patient, the hypothalamic lesions are conspicuous on contrast imaging but subtle on noncontrast FLAIR MR.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient 3 months prior reveals avid contrast enhancement of the left optic nerve (anterior segment) . Laboratory assessment at that time confirmed MOG antibodies, but brain imaging was normal (not shown).*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient 3 months prior reveals avid contrast enhancement of the left optic nerve (anterior segment) . Laboratory assessment at that time confirmed MOG antibodies, but brain imaging was normal (not shown).*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 4-year-old with florid optic neuritis and encephalopathy with positive anti-MOG antibody titer reveals abnormal hyperintensity and swelling within the bilateral basal ganglia , insular cortex , perventricular white matter, and posterior thalami.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 4-year-old with florid optic neuritis and encephalopathy with positive anti-MOG antibody titer reveals abnormal hyperintensity and swelling within the bilateral basal ganglia , insular cortex , perventricular white matter, and posterior thalami.*
*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient reveals minimal, if any, enhancement within the same abnormal brain regions.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 4-year-old with severe onset of encephalopathy with positive MOG antibody titer depicts several areas of abnormal cortical hyperintensity and edema as well as subcortical white matter signal abnormalities.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 4-year-old with severe onset of encephalopathy with positive MOG antibody titer depicts several areas of abnormal cortical hyperintensity and edema as well as subcortical white matter signal abnormalities.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient reveals subtle leptomeningeal enhancement over the right parietal lobe. This constellation of findings represents cerebral cortical encephalitis, a finding unique to MOGAD and potentially predisposing to seizures.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient reveals subtle leptomeningeal enhancement over the right parietal lobe. This constellation of findings represents cerebral cortical encephalitis, a finding unique to MOGAD and potentially predisposing to seizures.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 5-year-old patient with florid encephalopathy and emesis reveals multifocal T2-hyperintense lesions predominantly localizing to the brainstem and posterior fossa. Lesions are noted in the middle cerebellar peduncles, deep cerebellar white matter, and dorsal brainstem near the facial colliculus (area postrema, explaining vomiting).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 5-year-old patient with florid encephalopathy and emesis reveals multifocal T2-hyperintense lesions predominantly localizing to the brainstem and posterior fossa. Lesions are noted in the middle cerebellar peduncles, deep cerebellar white matter, and dorsal brainstem near the facial colliculus (area postrema, explaining vomiting).*
*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient reveals patchy partial ring and nodular enhancement in these abnormal areas.*
@@ -459,15 +459,15 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 7-year-old patient with MOGAD reveals subcortical white matter and deep nuclear gray matter involvement. This is a fairly typical appearance for MOGAD MR abnormalities.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 7-year-old patient with MOGAD reveals subcortical white matter and deep nuclear gray matter involvement. This is a fairly typical appearance for MOGAD MR abnormalities.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient confirms patchy brainstem signal abnormality as well. This patient also presented with severe transverse myelopathy with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) pattern on spine MR (not shown).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient confirms patchy brainstem signal abnormality as well. This patient also presented with severe transverse myelopathy with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) pattern on spine MR (not shown).*
-
-*Coronal T2 MR through the frontal lobes of a pediatric patient with encephalopathy, optic neuritis, and confirmed MOGAD reveals abnormal hyperintensity within the left basal ganglia as well as mild hyperintensity in the left cisternal optic nerve .*
+
+*Coronal T2 MR through the frontal lobes of a pediatric patient with encephalopathy, optic neuritis, and confirmed MOGAD reveals abnormal hyperintensity within the left basal ganglia as well as mild hyperintensity in the left cisternal optic nerve .*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows no enhancement in the slightly hypointense basal ganglia lesion , but avid enhancement of both cisternal optic nerves (bilateral anterior segment optic neuritis). Contrast is essential for assessing the optic nerves for signs of neuritis.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient shows no enhancement in the slightly hypointense basal ganglia lesion , but avid enhancement of both cisternal optic nerves (bilateral anterior segment optic neuritis). Contrast is essential for assessing the optic nerves for signs of neuritis.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorders_54d4a8bc-9267-4df6-98c1-f22aae051d01.md b/docs_md/articles/neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorders_54d4a8bc-9267-4df6-98c1-f22aae051d01.md
index 988fff4..2edf96b 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorders_54d4a8bc-9267-4df6-98c1-f22aae051d01.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorders_54d4a8bc-9267-4df6-98c1-f22aae051d01.md
@@ -354,105 +354,105 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 22-year-old woman with right vision loss demonstrates swelling with enhancement of the intraorbital segment of the right optic nerve.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 22-year-old woman with right vision loss demonstrates swelling with enhancement of the intraorbital segment of the right optic nerve.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 22-year-old woman with right vision loss demonstrates swelling with enhancement of the intraorbital segment of the right optic nerve.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 22-year-old woman with right vision loss demonstrates swelling with enhancement of the intraorbital segment of the right optic nerve.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 22-year-old woman with right vision loss demonstrates swelling with enhancement of the intraorbital segment of the right optic nerve.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 22-year-old woman with right vision loss demonstrates swelling with enhancement of the intraorbital segment of the right optic nerve.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) images in the same patient show hyperintense enhancing lesions along the cerebral peduncles. AQP4 antibody was positive in this patient with NMOSD. Brain lesions in NMOSD typically involve the deep white matter, periependymal regions, corpus callosum, corticospinal tracts, brainstem, and cerebellum.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) images in the same patient show hyperintense enhancing lesions along the cerebral peduncles. AQP4 antibody was positive in this patient with NMOSD. Brain lesions in NMOSD typically involve the deep white matter, periependymal regions, corpus callosum, corticospinal tracts, brainstem, and cerebellum.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) images in the same patient show hyperintense enhancing lesions along the cerebral peduncles. AQP4 antibody was positive in this patient with NMOSD. Brain lesions in NMOSD typically involve the deep white matter, periependymal regions, corpus callosum, corticospinal tracts, brainstem, and cerebellum.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) images in the same patient show hyperintense enhancing lesions along the cerebral peduncles. AQP4 antibody was positive in this patient with NMOSD. Brain lesions in NMOSD typically involve the deep white matter, periependymal regions, corpus callosum, corticospinal tracts, brainstem, and cerebellum.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR images in a patient with AQP4 antibody (+) NMOSD show enhancement along the prechiasmatic right optic nerve and the optic chiasm .*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR images in a patient with AQP4 antibody (+) NMOSD show enhancement along the prechiasmatic right optic nerve and the optic chiasm .*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR images in a patient with AQP4 antibody (+) NMOSD show enhancement along the prechiasmatic right optic nerve and the optic chiasm .*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR images in a patient with AQP4 antibody (+) NMOSD show enhancement along the prechiasmatic right optic nerve and the optic chiasm .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) in the same patient show hyperintense lesions with patchy enhancement in the periependymal region surrounding the 3rd ventricle , and the hypothalamus . Brain lesions in NMOSD are typically localized in the periependymal regions where AQP4 is highly expressed.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) in the same patient show hyperintense lesions with patchy enhancement in the periependymal region surrounding the 3rd ventricle , and the hypothalamus . Brain lesions in NMOSD are typically localized in the periependymal regions where AQP4 is highly expressed.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) in the same patient show hyperintense lesions with patchy enhancement in the periependymal region surrounding the 3rd ventricle , and the hypothalamus . Brain lesions in NMOSD are typically localized in the periependymal regions where AQP4 is highly expressed.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) in the same patient show hyperintense lesions with patchy enhancement in the periependymal region surrounding the 3rd ventricle , and the hypothalamus . Brain lesions in NMOSD are typically localized in the periependymal regions where AQP4 is highly expressed.*
-
-*Sagittal STIR MR in a patient presenting with myelopathy demonstrates a long segment of cord enlargement with hyperintensity .*
+
+*Sagittal STIR MR in a patient presenting with myelopathy demonstrates a long segment of cord enlargement with hyperintensity .*
-
-*Sagittal STIR MR in a patient presenting with myelopathy demonstrates a long segment of cord enlargement with hyperintensity .*
+
+*Sagittal STIR MR in a patient presenting with myelopathy demonstrates a long segment of cord enlargement with hyperintensity .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient demonstrates patchy enhancement in the cervical and upper thoracic cord. Cord lesions in NMOSD typically extend over 3 or more contiguous vertebral segments. There is involvement of the central gray matter or central and peripheral regions of the cord with > 50% cord area in the axial plane.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient demonstrates patchy enhancement in the cervical and upper thoracic cord. Cord lesions in NMOSD typically extend over 3 or more contiguous vertebral segments. There is involvement of the central gray matter or central and peripheral regions of the cord with > 50% cord area in the axial plane.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient demonstrates patchy enhancement in the cervical and upper thoracic cord. Cord lesions in NMOSD typically extend over 3 or more contiguous vertebral segments. There is involvement of the central gray matter or central and peripheral regions of the cord with > 50% cord area in the axial plane.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient demonstrates patchy enhancement in the cervical and upper thoracic cord. Cord lesions in NMOSD typically extend over 3 or more contiguous vertebral segments. There is involvement of the central gray matter or central and peripheral regions of the cord with > 50% cord area in the axial plane.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with AQP4-IgG (+) NMOSD demonstrates large confluent lesions in the right temporal and occipital regions with involvement of the splenium of the corpus callosum.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with AQP4-IgG (+) NMOSD demonstrates large confluent lesions in the right temporal and occipital regions with involvement of the splenium of the corpus callosum.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with AQP4-IgG (+) NMOSD demonstrates large confluent lesions in the right temporal and occipital regions with involvement of the splenium of the corpus callosum.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with AQP4-IgG (+) NMOSD demonstrates large confluent lesions in the right temporal and occipital regions with involvement of the splenium of the corpus callosum.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large patchy areas of enhancement , often called "cloud-like" enhancement. This is one of the most common patterns of enhancement in NMOSD. Other patterns of enhancement include "pencil-thin" periependymal, nodular, and leptomeningeal.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large patchy areas of enhancement , often called "cloud-like" enhancement. This is one of the most common patterns of enhancement in NMOSD. Other patterns of enhancement include "pencil-thin" periependymal, nodular, and leptomeningeal.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large patchy areas of enhancement , often called "cloud-like" enhancement. This is one of the most common patterns of enhancement in NMOSD. Other patterns of enhancement include "pencil-thin" periependymal, nodular, and leptomeningeal.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows large patchy areas of enhancement , often called "cloud-like" enhancement. This is one of the most common patterns of enhancement in NMOSD. Other patterns of enhancement include "pencil-thin" periependymal, nodular, and leptomeningeal.*
-
-*Sagittal T2 MR (right) and T1 C+ MR (left) in a patient with NMOSD presenting with nausea and myelopathy demonstrate patchy enhancing lesion involving the dorsal medulla (area postrema region) and the upper cervical cord .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 MR (right) and T1 C+ MR (left) in a patient with NMOSD presenting with nausea and myelopathy demonstrate patchy enhancing lesion involving the dorsal medulla (area postrema region) and the upper cervical cord .*
-
-*Sagittal T2 MR (right) and T1 C+ MR (left) in a patient with NMOSD presenting with nausea and myelopathy demonstrate patchy enhancing lesion involving the dorsal medulla (area postrema region) and the upper cervical cord .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 MR (right) and T1 C+ MR (left) in a patient with NMOSD presenting with nausea and myelopathy demonstrate patchy enhancing lesion involving the dorsal medulla (area postrema region) and the upper cervical cord .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) show patchy hyperintensity involving the cortex , cingulate gyrus, and corpus callosum with leptomeningeal and nodular enhancement. MOG was (+) and AQP4-IgG was (-).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) show patchy hyperintensity involving the cortex , cingulate gyrus, and corpus callosum with leptomeningeal and nodular enhancement. MOG was (+) and AQP4-IgG was (-).*
-
-*Axial FLAIR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) show patchy hyperintensity involving the cortex , cingulate gyrus, and corpus callosum with leptomeningeal and nodular enhancement. MOG was (+) and AQP4-IgG was (-).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR (top) and T1 C+ MR (bottom) show patchy hyperintensity involving the cortex , cingulate gyrus, and corpus callosum with leptomeningeal and nodular enhancement. MOG was (+) and AQP4-IgG was (-).*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with NMO demonstrates an ill-defined hyperintense lesion involving the right cerebral peduncle and midbrain .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with NMO demonstrates an ill-defined hyperintense lesion involving the right cerebral peduncle and midbrain .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows a well-defined nodular area of enhancement in the region of FLAIR signal abnormality. Most reported NMO brain lesions do not show enhancement. The enhancement patterns reported include patchy enhancement with blurred margins ("cloud-like" enhancement), "pencil-thin" ependymal enhancement, and solid enhancement.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows a well-defined nodular area of enhancement in the region of FLAIR signal abnormality. Most reported NMO brain lesions do not show enhancement. The enhancement patterns reported include patchy enhancement with blurred margins ("cloud-like" enhancement), "pencil-thin" ependymal enhancement, and solid enhancement.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ FS MR shows a markedly enhancing prechiasmatic right optic nerve and chiasm , consistent with acute optic neuritis.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ FS MR shows a markedly enhancing prechiasmatic right optic nerve and chiasm , consistent with acute optic neuritis.*
*Sagittal T2 DP FSE MR in the same patient shows a long segment of cord enlargement with hyperintensity. Ill-defined enhancement was also present in the cervical cord in this patient with myelopathy and vision loss. Patients with NMO have a worse prognosis with more severe disability than multiple sclerosis, despite lack of brain involvement.*
-
-*Sagittal T2 (left) and T1WI C+ FS (right) images show multilevel T2 hyperintensity with irregular posterior enhancement in the cervical cord in a patient with a previous history of optic neuritis.*
+
+*Sagittal T2 (left) and T1WI C+ FS (right) images show multilevel T2 hyperintensity with irregular posterior enhancement in the cervical cord in a patient with a previous history of optic neuritis.*
*Sagittal T2WI MR in the same patient 1 year after treatment shows near-complete resolution of the T2 signal abnormality. Enhancement was no longer seen in the cervical cord. The cord lesions seen in NMO typically extend over 3 or more segments.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient who presented with altered sensorium demonstrates a large hyperintense lesion in the left medial temporal lobe .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient who presented with altered sensorium demonstrates a large hyperintense lesion in the left medial temporal lobe .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement with blurred margins ("cloud-like" enhancement). NMO- IgG antibody in serum was positive in this patient. This pattern of enhancement has been reported as relatively specific for NMO.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows patchy enhancement with blurred margins ("cloud-like" enhancement). NMO- IgG antibody in serum was positive in this patient. This pattern of enhancement has been reported as relatively specific for NMO.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient 4 days after IV steroid therapy shows almost complete resolution of the enhancement .*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient 4 days after IV steroid therapy shows almost complete resolution of the enhancement .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with NMO shows multiple characteristic brain lesions. A large tumefactive lesion with ill-defined borders is seen in the left frontal lobe . An ill-defined hyperintense lesion is seen involving the posterior limb of right internal capsule , and there is involvement of the splenium of corpus callosum in a unique "arch bridge" pattern.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with NMO shows multiple characteristic brain lesions. A large tumefactive lesion with ill-defined borders is seen in the left frontal lobe . An ill-defined hyperintense lesion is seen involving the posterior limb of right internal capsule , and there is involvement of the splenium of corpus callosum in a unique "arch bridge" pattern.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with NMOSD shows characteristic periependymal lesions surrounding the 3rd ventricle, involving the thalamus and hypothalamus .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with NMOSD shows characteristic periependymal lesions surrounding the 3rd ventricle, involving the thalamus and hypothalamus .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows subtle rim enhancement in the lesion in the right thalamus . Brain lesions in NMO/NMOSD are typically localized in the periependymal regions where AQP4 is highly expressed.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows subtle rim enhancement in the lesion in the right thalamus . Brain lesions in NMO/NMOSD are typically localized in the periependymal regions where AQP4 is highly expressed.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus_ba3f857d-58de-4f21-8463-1631b4cb9972.md b/docs_md/articles/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus_ba3f857d-58de-4f21-8463-1631b4cb9972.md
index 529baae..a35c4b1 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus_ba3f857d-58de-4f21-8463-1631b4cb9972.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus_ba3f857d-58de-4f21-8463-1631b4cb9972.md
@@ -355,38 +355,38 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows large lateral ventricles , thinning of the corpus callosum , and a relatively normal 4th ventricle in a patient with iNPH.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows large lateral ventricles , thinning of the corpus callosum , and a relatively normal 4th ventricle in a patient with iNPH.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows large lateral ventricles , thinning of the corpus callosum , and a relatively normal 4th ventricle in a patient with iNPH.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows large lateral ventricles , thinning of the corpus callosum , and a relatively normal 4th ventricle in a patient with iNPH.*
-
-*Axial CECT demonstrates typical findings suggestive of iNPH. There is enlargement of the lateral ventricles and sylvian fissures out of proportion to the amount of general sulcal enlargement. The frontal horns show a characteristic rounded appearance. Periventricular hypodensities could reflect interstitial migration of CSF.*
+
+*Axial CECT demonstrates typical findings suggestive of iNPH. There is enlargement of the lateral ventricles and sylvian fissures out of proportion to the amount of general sulcal enlargement. The frontal horns show a characteristic rounded appearance. Periventricular hypodensities could reflect interstitial migration of CSF.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in a patient with NPH demonstrates lateral ventricular enlargement and disproportionately enlarged sylvian fissure (DESH). Evans index, which is the ratio of the maximum width of the frontal horns to the maximum internal diameter of the skull at the same level, measures 0.38. Normal Evans index is < 0.3.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in a patient with NPH demonstrates lateral ventricular enlargement and disproportionately enlarged sylvian fissure (DESH). Evans index, which is the ratio of the maximum width of the frontal horns to the maximum internal diameter of the skull at the same level, measures 0.38. Normal Evans index is < 0.3.*
*Coronal T2 MR in a patient with NPH shows reduced callosal angle (71°). The callosal angle is measured at the level of the posterior commissure and a normal value is between 100-120°.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR demonstrates the cingulate sulcus sign in a patient with NPH with narrowing of the posterior 1/2 of the cingulate sulcus as compared with the anterior .*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR demonstrates the cingulate sulcus sign in a patient with NPH with narrowing of the posterior 1/2 of the cingulate sulcus as compared with the anterior .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient demonstrates disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid spaces , consistent with DESH, and narrowing of the sulci and subarachnoid spaces over the high convexity parasagittal frontoparietal regions with a tight interhemispheric fissure .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient demonstrates disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid spaces , consistent with DESH, and narrowing of the sulci and subarachnoid spaces over the high convexity parasagittal frontoparietal regions with a tight interhemispheric fissure .*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with NPH demonstrates focal bulging of the roof of the lateral ventricles , which has been recently described.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in a patient with NPH demonstrates focal bulging of the roof of the lateral ventricles , which has been recently described.*
-
-*Twenty-four hour multiplanar In-111 DTPA cisternography in a patient with NPH shows radiotracer in the lateral ventricles with lack of activity over the convexity . Normally, there should be radiotracer movement over the convexities at 24 hours. (Courtesy C. Singh, MD and A. Ali, MD.)*
+
+*Twenty-four hour multiplanar In-111 DTPA cisternography in a patient with NPH shows radiotracer in the lateral ventricles with lack of activity over the convexity . Normally, there should be radiotracer movement over the convexities at 24 hours. (Courtesy C. Singh, MD and A. Ali, MD.)*
-
-*Axial T2 MR in 65 year old with NPH shows dilated temporal horns and low-signal flow void in the aqueduct caused by hyperdynamic flow of CSF.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR in 65 year old with NPH shows dilated temporal horns and low-signal flow void in the aqueduct caused by hyperdynamic flow of CSF.*
-
-*Axial phase-contrast cine MR CSF flow study shows increased velocity of CSF through the dilated aqueduct . There is more hyperdynamic flow through the aqueduct than the cisterns, where no high-velocity signal change is seen. Flow is incidentally noted in the posterior cerebral arteries .*
+
+*Axial phase-contrast cine MR CSF flow study shows increased velocity of CSF through the dilated aqueduct . There is more hyperdynamic flow through the aqueduct than the cisterns, where no high-velocity signal change is seen. Flow is incidentally noted in the posterior cerebral arteries .*
### Additional Images
@@ -400,8 +400,8 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial T2WI MR shows ventriculomegaly.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR in the same patient shows an accentuated aqueductal flow void .*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR in the same patient shows an accentuated aqueductal flow void .*
*Axial T2WI MR shows enlarged ventricles with rounded frontal horns.*
@@ -415,23 +415,23 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Axial CECT in the same patient shows symmetric dilatation of the ventricles and sylvian fissures out of proportion to sulcal enlargement. Frontal and occipital periventricular hypodensities are also present.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows a typical case of normal pressure hydrocephalus. There is enlargement of the lateral ventricles with no sulcal enlargement. The frontal horns show a typical rounded configuration.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows a typical case of normal pressure hydrocephalus. There is enlargement of the lateral ventricles with no sulcal enlargement. The frontal horns show a typical rounded configuration.*
-
-*Axial T2WI MR shows dilated temporal horns out of proportion to the sulcal prominence. Notice the low-signal flow void in the aqueduct caused by hyperdynamic flow of CSF.*
+
+*Axial T2WI MR shows dilated temporal horns out of proportion to the sulcal prominence. Notice the low-signal flow void in the aqueduct caused by hyperdynamic flow of CSF.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI MR shows enlargement of the 3rd and lateral ventricles. The infundibular recess is enlarged and bulges downward. Note mild thinning of the corpus callosum .*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI MR shows enlargement of the 3rd and lateral ventricles. The infundibular recess is enlarged and bulges downward. Note mild thinning of the corpus callosum .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows enlarged ventricles out of proportion to the sulcal enlargement. Notice that periventricular hyperintensity is also present .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows enlarged ventricles out of proportion to the sulcal enlargement. Notice that periventricular hyperintensity is also present .*
*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows dilated ventricles. Normal pressure hydrocephalus accounts for ~ 5-6% of all dementias. The classic Hakim triad of dementia, gait apraxia, and urinary incontinence is present in a minority of patients.*
-
-*Axial NECT shows large ventricles out of proportion to the sulcal prominence with a rounded appearance of the frontal horns .*
+
+*Axial NECT shows large ventricles out of proportion to the sulcal prominence with a rounded appearance of the frontal horns .*
*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient shows ventriculomegaly. The patient presented with the classic clinical triad of NPH: Dementia, gait apraxia, and urinary incontinence. One treatment option is ventricular shunting. The response to shunting is variable.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-brain_f2592b04-f800-4235-9eea-a43f2bf4adfe.md b/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-brain_f2592b04-f800-4235-9eea-a43f2bf4adfe.md
index 5e920e1..c796830 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-brain_f2592b04-f800-4235-9eea-a43f2bf4adfe.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-brain_f2592b04-f800-4235-9eea-a43f2bf4adfe.md
@@ -577,8 +577,8 @@ Head and Neck/ANATOMY:18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2
## Cases
-- {'cases': [{'authors': [{'key': 'bee1f359-33fb-4cba-9e6b-ed1ca1842439', 'value': 'Jeffrey S. Ross, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'a9ec521a-8d2e-4d27-9e87-79eaf424d678', 'description': 'Classic appearance of Devic disease, involving the optic nerves and spinal cord, with no brain parenchymal abnormalities.\n\nBrain examination (#1-4) shows normal FLAIR (#1), and markedly enhancing right optic nerve and chiasm (arrows, #3, 4). There is also abnormal T2 hyperintensity in the left optic nerve on the STIR image (open arrow, #2).\n\nEvaluation of the spinal cord (#5-10) shows a long segment of cord enlargement with T2 hyperintensity, and ill-defined enhancement (arrows).', 'history': 'Myelopathic and blind in both eyes.', 'imagePoolId': '98716ff1-9b49-4826-be9e-8d2b4073814e', 'name': 'Devic Disease (neuromyelitis optica)', 'teachingPoint': None}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': 'de2e7c22-1bbb-4ca4-94ea-5a530e24b723', 'description': 'Axial T1WI (#1) with close-up view cropped and adjusted to emphasize the subtle signal abnormalities in this case (#2) show multiple hypointense lesions in the deep cerebral and periventricular white matter. Note slight, hazy "rings" of subtle T1 shortening surrounding many of the lesions (arrows). These lesions are sometimes termed "lesions within a lesion" or "ghostlike rings" of T1 shortening, presumably due to coagulative necrosis in the periphery of chronic MS plaques. The T2WI (#3) and FLAIR scans (#4-7) in this patient show the classic periventricular lesions of MS.', 'history': 'Known MS.', 'imagePoolId': '454e8800-33fe-41df-9e79-25cbb3d8e068', 'name': '3T', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '39 Years old male'}, {'authors': [{'key': '7cc3ba75-2642-4233-b9f6-0ce69ffe28f3', 'value': 'Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC'}, {'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': '7de44e74-cd6f-4f8b-9658-e92b7eca7903', 'description': "This is a typical MR case of severe multiple sclerosis. \nAxial T2 MR images (Figs. 1-3) demonstrate very hypointense bilateral basal ganglia (, Figs. 2-3) atrophy (evidenced by ventricular prominence), and confluent periventricular/subcortical hyperintense plaques in keeping with severe multiple sclerosis.", 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': 'c9f6813d-c72f-401f-887c-0c914467d34b', 'name': 'Severe', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '42 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': '019e8634-5336-4c86-b8e5-1668535b67f8', 'description': 'Axial T2WI with fat saturation (#1) shows swelling and hyperintensity of the left optic nerve (open arrow). Note protrusion of the swollen optic nerve head in the posterior segment (curved arrow). Axial (#2) and coronal (#3) scans performed after contrast administration show intense enhancement of the enlarged left optic nerve (open arrows). Mild enhancement of the right optic nerve is present (arrow). \n\nComment: The majority of patients with optic neuritis eventually develop frank multiple sclerosis.', 'history': 'Young woman with first episode of optic neuritis. Funduscopic examination disclosed a swollen, elevated optic nerve head with blurred margins.', 'imagePoolId': '083ccf16-2fdb-4ae6-88a8-255ca6366036', 'name': 'Optic Neuritis', 'teachingPoint': None}, {'authors': [{'key': '83f867a5-a183-4396-82ea-384015da4d2f', 'value': 'Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA'}], 'caseVersionId': '0f768485-6b53-4896-a247-ecfa60c89422', 'description': 'Classic MS within both infra- and supratentorial brain.\n\nNumerous MS T2 hyperintense plaques (only a few annotated by arrows) are seen throughout the infra- and supratentorium. A few show a classic perpendicular orientation at the periventricular interface (open arrows). Several demonstrate contrast-enhancement (curved arrows). Note lesions are more conspicuous on FLAIR than T2.', 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': '3e8a21e3-3148-45ff-ab88-72af75fbb13e', 'name': 'Classic', 'teachingPoint': None}, {'authors': [{'key': '83f867a5-a183-4396-82ea-384015da4d2f', 'value': 'Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA'}], 'caseVersionId': '5a4b8198-a988-494f-85eb-861a1321481c', 'description': "Figures 1-4 represent typical 3 tesla MR imaging, which exquisitely shows nonenhancing, perivenular, MS lesions oriented perpendicular to the callosomarginal interface .", 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': '880ed8f1-e963-46d6-96d6-344d27ca4f1f', 'name': 'Classic, 3T', 'teachingPoint': '3 tesla has the capability to better image the anatomic relationship of MS plaques.'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': 'c5bb2f4d-9f63-4ba6-903d-69152d897168', 'description': "Sagittal T1WI (#1) shows multiple hypointense lesions in the deep white matter perpendicular to the lateral ventricle (arrows). Note moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement for patient's age. Axial T2WIs (#2-4) show round/ovoid lesions in pons, periventricular and deep white matter (arrows). The ovoid configuration along white matter veins (open arrow, #4) represents typical perivenous demyelination or "Dawson fingers." Lesions do not suppress on FLAIR (#5,6).", 'history': 'Longstanding diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.', 'imagePoolId': '908a1f3e-65ff-4730-a2c3-6dd959797e8c', 'name': 'Perivenous demyelination, Dawson fingers', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '47 Years old female'}], 'caseType': 'typical', 'name': 'TYPICAL'}
-- {'cases': [{'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '6485c987-8966-40d8-82b9-f2b6efcb5519', 'description': "Variant MR case of multiple sclerosis where midbrain, pontine and medullary plaques are prevalent. Axial and sagittal FLAIR images (Figs. 1-8) show extensive suprasellar white matter high-signal lesions typical of severe multiple sclerosis in association with midbrain (, Fig. 4), pontine (, Figs. 2-3, 6), and medullary (F , Figs. 1, 7) plaques. Axial T2 MR images (Figs. 9-12) even more clearly delineate the midbrain (, Fig. 12), pontine (, Figs. 10-12), and medullary (, Fig. 9) plaques.", 'history': 'Patient presents with known multiple sclerosis with recent onset of multiple brainstem associated symptoms.', 'imagePoolId': '17600538-654b-44fe-83d3-71a36871a3ab', 'name': 'Pontine and medullary plaques', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '26 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '71128702-fdcf-40c1-9c2a-fa8f81b00236', 'description': "This is a variant case of MS with both supratentorial and posterior fossa white matter lesions.\n\nAxial T2 MR images (Figs. 1-2) reveal a prominent MS plaque in the lateral pons in the region of the root exit zone of the facial nerve. Axial (Fig. 3) and sagittal (Fig. 4) FLAIR images in this area also show this hyperintense lesion . The typical corpus callosum plaque (, Fig. 5) and supratentorial white matter plaque (, Fig. 6) help confirm the imaging diagnosis of MS.", 'history': 'Patient presents with intermittent paresthesias and headache over a 2-year period. Facial spasms were reported in the 6 months before MR imaging completed.', 'imagePoolId': '8c7dcb70-b7e4-45bf-835f-b9249d50da5f', 'name': 'Pontine plaque', 'teachingPoint': 'Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) rarely present with hemifacial spasm. Even when they, do < 1/2 the time a pontine plaque is visible.', 'demographics': '36 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}, {'key': '8d0c0f3b-13c2-45ac-8116-3725810235ec', 'value': 'Gary L. Hedlund, DO'}], 'caseVersionId': '61481d0e-8c44-4a25-aebb-9e79dd861ed8', 'description': 'Sagittal (#1) and axial (#2) T1WIs show a hypodense mass in the left posterior frontal/anterior parietal area (arrows). PD (#3), T2WIs (#4, 5) and FLAIR (#6) show the mass is hyperintense (arrows). The lesion is well-circumscribed and shows no surrounding edema. On the coronal FLAIR (#6) the lesion shows a peripheral crescent of very hyperintense signal (open arrow). Sagittal (#7), axial (#8, 9) and coronal (#10) T1C+ scans show an incomplete "horseshoe" area of peripheral enhancement (arrows). The nonenhancing part of the mass is adjacent to the cortex.\n\nThis finding is classic for "tumefactive" demyelinating disease, most commonly MS. Frozen section of tissue removed at biopsy was initially read as low grade astrocytoma but subsequent histologic examination disclosed tumefactive demyelination.\n\nMS is unusual in pediatric cases but this is a classic imaging presentation of a solitary "tumefactive" focus of demyelination.', 'history': '10 day history of right foot weakness. ', 'imagePoolId': '3d995088-1e68-4ec3-931f-a10016aeaaba', 'name': 'classic tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '12 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '9de83fe1-bca7-4bfe-9603-7b69db3df097', 'description': "This is a variant MR case of multiples sclerosis that involves the medulla of the brainstem.\n\nSagittal and axial FLAIR images (Figs. 1-2) show a large dorsal medullary plaque that extends somewhat asymmetrically into the left medullary parenchyma. On axial T2 images (Figs. 3-4) the large plaque is visible (, Fig. 3) as are multiple more inferior and right-sided plaques (, Fig. 4).", 'history': 'Patient presents with history of multiple sclerosis and recent onset of right body numbness and hoarseness.', 'imagePoolId': '62a5e4f3-a927-4530-acc0-2682a7b341d1', 'name': 'Medullary plaques', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '37 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': '3fe0582d-9996-41e9-9319-47b2a7a69f18', 'description': 'Axial T1WI (#1) shows a cystic-appearing mass in the right parietal lobe (open arrow). The lesion (open arrows) is very hyperintense on T2WI (#2) and does not suppress on FLAIR (#3). Note additional white matter lesions in the corpus callosum and frontal lobe (arrows). Axial T1C+ scan (#4) shows a thin rim of enhancement around the lesion (open arrow) and a very subtle enhancing lesion in the corpus callosum (arrow). The coronal T1C+ scan (#5) shows a classic incomplete rim ("horseshoe") of enhancement. The lesion does not restrict on DWI (#6) and is hyperintense on ADC (#7).\n\nClassic multiple sclerosis with a large "tumefactive" demyelinating lesions as well as a few scattered white matter foci near the ventricles and corpus callosum.', 'history': 'Clinically suspicious for MS.', 'imagePoolId': 'c39d220a-c6f3-4b6b-9f62-9da32c86c428', 'name': 'Ring-enhancing', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '23 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '40294e37-1dd3-4403-961c-b944b04e62bd', 'value': 'Richard Hewlett, FRCPath'}], 'caseVersionId': 'b9aa851f-7563-4650-8f74-3bdf0d653a87', 'description': 'Variant case of a large solitary demyelinative lesion with brain swelling, in a patient in the sixth decade.\n\nMR images (#1-5) show a near-round mass lesion in the R centrum, with a thin, conspicuous isointense rim on the T2WI (open arrow, #1). This image distinguishes the different external (parenchymal edema) and internal signal (lesion) hyperintensities. The lesion exhibits homogeneous, although discontinuous enhancement after contrast administration (#3, 5); note, moderate suppression of homogeneous lesion contents on the FLAIR sequence (#2). \nFindings considered most suggestive of tumefactive demyelinating disease.\n\nMicroscopy: Intraoperative cytology (#6, H&E x400) shows foamy macrophages (arrow) within a meshwork of axons. Paraffin processed tissue shows complete loss of myelin sheaths with residual myelin debris in macrophages (open arrows, #7, H&E-LB x400), macrophages (#8, CD68 x400), and axons widely separated by inflammatory cells (#9, Neurofilament x400). Morphologic findings consistent with inflammatory demyelination, presumably idiopathic.\n\nComment: Despite the radiologic diagnosis, the patient was subjected to stereotactic biopsy on the suspicion of glioma, yielding a single core of clearly discolored, softened tissue, part of which was squashed for cytologic examination in theater, the rest of the sample being fixed in formalin (UCT frame, needle bore 3 mm). Intra-operative cytology showing hordes of large round cells was initially diagnosed as being likely to represent oligodendroglioma, but intact axons with adherent macrophages most suggestive of demyelination. Histologic proof of macrophages with immunohistochemical (anti-NF antibody) demonstration of axonal conspicuity with interspersed inflammatory infiltrate confirms the diagnosis, and distinguishes demyelination from ischemic injury. \nSolitary demyelinative lesions with associated brain swelling are understandably suspected of being neoplastic, especially on CT, and when appropriate to age. MR features, particularly the pattern of contrast uptake, are now considered characteristic in their way, and are particularly important in the context of pediatric disease. Examination of autopsy material suggests that vascular proliferation/leakage evolves on the lesion periphery, consistent with enhancement, whilst the greatly widened interstitial space forming the demyelinated core is reflected as perturbed water on the FLAIR sequence.', 'history': 'Previously well, normotensive woman. Presented acutely (days) with onset of severe headache followed by L hemiparesis. Apart from weakness, the neurological examination was normal, including funduscopy.', 'imagePoolId': '3d48b4c6-3ebe-48e6-a44b-b7748c6c457a', 'name': 'Solitary, tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '46 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '7cc3ba75-2642-4233-b9f6-0ce69ffe28f3', 'value': 'Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC'}, {'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': 'fd0cac8a-dcb8-4f24-b400-d8f125491f7a', 'description': 'Variant CT, MRI and MRS case of tumefactive multiple sclerosis.\n\nAxial NECT (#1) demonstrates extensive right parieto-occipital white matter edema (arrow). Axial FLAIR MR images (#2-5) also demonstrate marked white matter edema (arrow) with extension into the corpus callosum. There is a central hypointense mass (curved arrow) which causes mass effect on the adjacent lateral ventricle and effaces the regional sulci. Axial (#6) and coronal (#7) T1 C+ MR images demonstrate ill-defined enhancement at the margin of the white matter edema (open arrows). Long TE MRS (#8) reveals elevated choline (arrow), decreased NAA (open arrow), and a lactate doublet (curved arrow). These MRS findings could be consistent with acute demyelination and probably reflect a combination of membrane disruption, neuronal loss or dysfunction and inflammation.\n\nComment: Although MR spectroscopy can be helpful in evaluation, the MRS findings in multiple sclerosis are not specific. The spectral pattern of demyelination and low grade neoplasms can be similar, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously.', 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': 'be36e86d-23a4-498a-b614-f6b91c73cb95', 'name': 'Tumefactive, Balo type', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '8 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': 'bee1f359-33fb-4cba-9e6b-ed1ca1842439', 'value': 'Jeffrey S. Ross, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '37f29d50-e59d-4bd3-893c-6b86eb49257a', 'description': 'Classic pattern of tumefactive demyelination disease, with partial ring enhancement.\n\nMR study (#1-7) shows large T2 hyperintense lesion in right frontal lobe with mild mass effect, and diffusion restriction along the periphery. Following contrast, there is intense enhancement of a portion of the periphery of the lesion. \n\nComment: This pattern of enhancement makes the diagnosis of demyelinating disease highly likely. Tumor and abscess would all show a complete ring of enhancement.', 'history': 'Presented with weakness. Followup study 2 months later showed marked resolution of the lesion.', 'imagePoolId': '920fd052-87a5-41d5-840e-4a78e3d07715', 'name': 'Tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '65 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'fb51616f-a24f-4509-9cbb-f03109749515', 'description': 'Variant MR case of multiple sclerosis (MS) involving both supratentorial white matter and pons-medulla. Lateral pontine plaque is seen associated with enhancing preganglionic segment of the trigeminal nerve.\n\nAxial T2 MR images (#1-4) best delineate the large left lateral pontine MS plaque (curved arrow) with involvement of the root entry zone of CN5 (open arrow, #4). The left middle cerebellar peduncle (open arrow, #2) and bilateral inferior cerebellar peduncles (open arrows, #1) are also affected. Sagittal FLAIR image (#5) shows both the typical supratentorial white matter plaques and the lateral pontine lesion (curved arrow) pointing into the root entry zone (open arrow) and preganglionic segment CN5 (arrow). \n\nEnhance axial (#6-7) and coronal (#8-10) T1 MR images reveal an enhancing preganglionic segment of CN5 on the left (arrow). Interestingly, the root entry zone area of CN5 on the left does not enhance (open arrow) nor does the lateral pontine MS plaque (curved arrow).', 'history': 'Patient presents with previous history of multiple sclerosis and new onset of left trigeminal neuropathy.', 'imagePoolId': '5ce11fd3-2fe9-4356-ab61-259c2a213f78', 'name': 'Pons, medulla plaques; CN5 involvement', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '48 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '83f867a5-a183-4396-82ea-384015da4d2f', 'value': 'Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA'}], 'caseVersionId': 'd99b0dc5-cbd0-42ce-805c-c629eda08e60', 'description': 'Variant tumefactive MS plaque; biopsy proven.\n\nSagittal T1 imaging reveals a mass-like lesion which is hypointense (image 1, arrows). Axial MRI shows corresponding FLAIR hyperintensity (image 2, open arrows) and irregular, thick, partial ring-enhancement (images 3 & 4, arrows) about this mass-like lesion in a patient not previously diagnosed with MS. Note the lesion crosses the splenium (images 2 & 4, curved arrows).', 'history': 'No prior history of MS. Biopsy confirmed this as a tumefactive MS lesion.', 'imagePoolId': '64fdb676-adb6-4c62-8a45-87bbd2940cd9', 'name': 'Tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None}], 'caseType': 'variant', 'name': 'VARIANT'}
+- {'cases': [{'authors': [{'key': 'bee1f359-33fb-4cba-9e6b-ed1ca1842439', 'value': 'Jeffrey S. Ross, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'a9ec521a-8d2e-4d27-9e87-79eaf424d678', 'description': 'Classic appearance of Devic disease, involving the optic nerves and spinal cord, with no brain parenchymal abnormalities.\n\nBrain examination (#1-4) shows normal FLAIR (#1), and markedly enhancing right optic nerve and chiasm (arrows, #3, 4). There is also abnormal T2 hyperintensity in the left optic nerve on the STIR image (open arrow, #2).\n\nEvaluation of the spinal cord (#5-10) shows a long segment of cord enlargement with T2 hyperintensity, and ill-defined enhancement (arrows).', 'history': 'Myelopathic and blind in both eyes.', 'imagePoolId': '98716ff1-9b49-4826-be9e-8d2b4073814e', 'name': 'Devic Disease (neuromyelitis optica)', 'teachingPoint': None}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': 'de2e7c22-1bbb-4ca4-94ea-5a530e24b723', 'description': 'Axial T1WI (#1) with close-up view cropped and adjusted to emphasize the subtle signal abnormalities in this case (#2) show multiple hypointense lesions in the deep cerebral and periventricular white matter. Note slight, hazy "rings" of subtle T1 shortening surrounding many of the lesions (arrows). These lesions are sometimes termed "lesions within a lesion" or "ghostlike rings" of T1 shortening, presumably due to coagulative necrosis in the periphery of chronic MS plaques. The T2WI (#3) and FLAIR scans (#4-7) in this patient show the classic periventricular lesions of MS.', 'history': 'Known MS.', 'imagePoolId': '454e8800-33fe-41df-9e79-25cbb3d8e068', 'name': '3T', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '39 Years old male'}, {'authors': [{'key': '7cc3ba75-2642-4233-b9f6-0ce69ffe28f3', 'value': 'Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC'}, {'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': '7de44e74-cd6f-4f8b-9658-e92b7eca7903', 'description': "This is a typical MR case of severe multiple sclerosis. \nAxial T2 MR images (Figs. 1-3) demonstrate very hypointense bilateral basal ganglia (, Figs. 2-3) atrophy (evidenced by ventricular prominence), and confluent periventricular/subcortical hyperintense plaques in keeping with severe multiple sclerosis.", 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': 'c9f6813d-c72f-401f-887c-0c914467d34b', 'name': 'Severe', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '42 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': '019e8634-5336-4c86-b8e5-1668535b67f8', 'description': 'Axial T2WI with fat saturation (#1) shows swelling and hyperintensity of the left optic nerve (open arrow). Note protrusion of the swollen optic nerve head in the posterior segment (curved arrow). Axial (#2) and coronal (#3) scans performed after contrast administration show intense enhancement of the enlarged left optic nerve (open arrows). Mild enhancement of the right optic nerve is present (arrow). \n\nComment: The majority of patients with optic neuritis eventually develop frank multiple sclerosis.', 'history': 'Young woman with first episode of optic neuritis. Funduscopic examination disclosed a swollen, elevated optic nerve head with blurred margins.', 'imagePoolId': '083ccf16-2fdb-4ae6-88a8-255ca6366036', 'name': 'Optic Neuritis', 'teachingPoint': None}, {'authors': [{'key': '83f867a5-a183-4396-82ea-384015da4d2f', 'value': 'Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA'}], 'caseVersionId': '0f768485-6b53-4896-a247-ecfa60c89422', 'description': 'Classic MS within both infra- and supratentorial brain.\n\nNumerous MS T2 hyperintense plaques (only a few annotated by arrows) are seen throughout the infra- and supratentorium. A few show a classic perpendicular orientation at the periventricular interface (open arrows). Several demonstrate contrast-enhancement (curved arrows). Note lesions are more conspicuous on FLAIR than T2.', 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': '3e8a21e3-3148-45ff-ab88-72af75fbb13e', 'name': 'Classic', 'teachingPoint': None}, {'authors': [{'key': '83f867a5-a183-4396-82ea-384015da4d2f', 'value': 'Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA'}], 'caseVersionId': '5a4b8198-a988-494f-85eb-861a1321481c', 'description': "Figures 1-4 represent typical 3 tesla MR imaging, which exquisitely shows nonenhancing, perivenular, MS lesions oriented perpendicular to the callosomarginal interface .", 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': '880ed8f1-e963-46d6-96d6-344d27ca4f1f', 'name': 'Classic, 3T', 'teachingPoint': '3 tesla has the capability to better image the anatomic relationship of MS plaques.'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': 'c5bb2f4d-9f63-4ba6-903d-69152d897168', 'description': "Sagittal T1WI (#1) shows multiple hypointense lesions in the deep white matter perpendicular to the lateral ventricle (arrows). Note moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement for patient's age. Axial T2WIs (#2-4) show round/ovoid lesions in pons, periventricular and deep white matter (arrows). The ovoid configuration along white matter veins (open arrow, #4) represents typical perivenous demyelination or "Dawson fingers." Lesions do not suppress on FLAIR (#5,6).", 'history': 'Longstanding diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.', 'imagePoolId': '908a1f3e-65ff-4730-a2c3-6dd959797e8c', 'name': 'Perivenous demyelination, Dawson fingers', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '47 Years old female'}], 'caseType': 'typical', 'name': 'TYPICAL'}
+- {'cases': [{'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '6485c987-8966-40d8-82b9-f2b6efcb5519', 'description': "Variant MR case of multiple sclerosis where midbrain, pontine and medullary plaques are prevalent. Axial and sagittal FLAIR images (Figs. 1-8) show extensive suprasellar white matter high-signal lesions typical of severe multiple sclerosis in association with midbrain (, Fig. 4), pontine (, Figs. 2-3, 6), and medullary (F , Figs. 1, 7) plaques. Axial T2 MR images (Figs. 9-12) even more clearly delineate the midbrain (, Fig. 12), pontine (, Figs. 10-12), and medullary (, Fig. 9) plaques.", 'history': 'Patient presents with known multiple sclerosis with recent onset of multiple brainstem associated symptoms.', 'imagePoolId': '17600538-654b-44fe-83d3-71a36871a3ab', 'name': 'Pontine and medullary plaques', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '26 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '71128702-fdcf-40c1-9c2a-fa8f81b00236', 'description': "This is a variant case of MS with both supratentorial and posterior fossa white matter lesions.\n\nAxial T2 MR images (Figs. 1-2) reveal a prominent MS plaque in the lateral pons in the region of the root exit zone of the facial nerve. Axial (Fig. 3) and sagittal (Fig. 4) FLAIR images in this area also show this hyperintense lesion . The typical corpus callosum plaque (, Fig. 5) and supratentorial white matter plaque (, Fig. 6) help confirm the imaging diagnosis of MS.", 'history': 'Patient presents with intermittent paresthesias and headache over a 2-year period. Facial spasms were reported in the 6 months before MR imaging completed.', 'imagePoolId': '8c7dcb70-b7e4-45bf-835f-b9249d50da5f', 'name': 'Pontine plaque', 'teachingPoint': 'Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) rarely present with hemifacial spasm. Even when they, do < 1/2 the time a pontine plaque is visible.', 'demographics': '36 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}, {'key': '8d0c0f3b-13c2-45ac-8116-3725810235ec', 'value': 'Gary L. Hedlund, DO'}], 'caseVersionId': '61481d0e-8c44-4a25-aebb-9e79dd861ed8', 'description': 'Sagittal (#1) and axial (#2) T1WIs show a hypodense mass in the left posterior frontal/anterior parietal area (arrows). PD (#3), T2WIs (#4, 5) and FLAIR (#6) show the mass is hyperintense (arrows). The lesion is well-circumscribed and shows no surrounding edema. On the coronal FLAIR (#6) the lesion shows a peripheral crescent of very hyperintense signal (open arrow). Sagittal (#7), axial (#8, 9) and coronal (#10) T1C+ scans show an incomplete "horseshoe" area of peripheral enhancement (arrows). The nonenhancing part of the mass is adjacent to the cortex.\n\nThis finding is classic for "tumefactive" demyelinating disease, most commonly MS. Frozen section of tissue removed at biopsy was initially read as low grade astrocytoma but subsequent histologic examination disclosed tumefactive demyelination.\n\nMS is unusual in pediatric cases but this is a classic imaging presentation of a solitary "tumefactive" focus of demyelination.', 'history': '10 day history of right foot weakness. ', 'imagePoolId': '3d995088-1e68-4ec3-931f-a10016aeaaba', 'name': 'classic tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '12 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '9de83fe1-bca7-4bfe-9603-7b69db3df097', 'description': "This is a variant MR case of multiples sclerosis that involves the medulla of the brainstem.\n\nSagittal and axial FLAIR images (Figs. 1-2) show a large dorsal medullary plaque that extends somewhat asymmetrically into the left medullary parenchyma. On axial T2 images (Figs. 3-4) the large plaque is visible (, Fig. 3) as are multiple more inferior and right-sided plaques (, Fig. 4).", 'history': 'Patient presents with history of multiple sclerosis and recent onset of right body numbness and hoarseness.', 'imagePoolId': '62a5e4f3-a927-4530-acc0-2682a7b341d1', 'name': 'Medullary plaques', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '37 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': '3fe0582d-9996-41e9-9319-47b2a7a69f18', 'description': 'Axial T1WI (#1) shows a cystic-appearing mass in the right parietal lobe (open arrow). The lesion (open arrows) is very hyperintense on T2WI (#2) and does not suppress on FLAIR (#3). Note additional white matter lesions in the corpus callosum and frontal lobe (arrows). Axial T1C+ scan (#4) shows a thin rim of enhancement around the lesion (open arrow) and a very subtle enhancing lesion in the corpus callosum (arrow). The coronal T1C+ scan (#5) shows a classic incomplete rim ("horseshoe") of enhancement. The lesion does not restrict on DWI (#6) and is hyperintense on ADC (#7).\n\nClassic multiple sclerosis with a large "tumefactive" demyelinating lesions as well as a few scattered white matter foci near the ventricles and corpus callosum.', 'history': 'Clinically suspicious for MS.', 'imagePoolId': 'c39d220a-c6f3-4b6b-9f62-9da32c86c428', 'name': 'Ring-enhancing', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '23 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '40294e37-1dd3-4403-961c-b944b04e62bd', 'value': 'Richard Hewlett, FRCPath'}], 'caseVersionId': 'b9aa851f-7563-4650-8f74-3bdf0d653a87', 'description': 'Variant case of a large solitary demyelinative lesion with brain swelling, in a patient in the sixth decade.\n\nMR images (#1-5) show a near-round mass lesion in the R centrum, with a thin, conspicuous isointense rim on the T2WI (open arrow, #1). This image distinguishes the different external (parenchymal edema) and internal signal (lesion) hyperintensities. The lesion exhibits homogeneous, although discontinuous enhancement after contrast administration (#3, 5); note, moderate suppression of homogeneous lesion contents on the FLAIR sequence (#2). \nFindings considered most suggestive of tumefactive demyelinating disease.\n\nMicroscopy: Intraoperative cytology (#6, H&E x400) shows foamy macrophages (arrow) within a meshwork of axons. Paraffin processed tissue shows complete loss of myelin sheaths with residual myelin debris in macrophages (open arrows, #7, H&E-LB x400), macrophages (#8, CD68 x400), and axons widely separated by inflammatory cells (#9, Neurofilament x400). Morphologic findings consistent with inflammatory demyelination, presumably idiopathic.\n\nComment: Despite the radiologic diagnosis, the patient was subjected to stereotactic biopsy on the suspicion of glioma, yielding a single core of clearly discolored, softened tissue, part of which was squashed for cytologic examination in theater, the rest of the sample being fixed in formalin (UCT frame, needle bore 3 mm). Intra-operative cytology showing hordes of large round cells was initially diagnosed as being likely to represent oligodendroglioma, but intact axons with adherent macrophages most suggestive of demyelination. Histologic proof of macrophages with immunohistochemical (anti-NF antibody) demonstration of axonal conspicuity with interspersed inflammatory infiltrate confirms the diagnosis, and distinguishes demyelination from ischemic injury. \nSolitary demyelinative lesions with associated brain swelling are understandably suspected of being neoplastic, especially on CT, and when appropriate to age. MR features, particularly the pattern of contrast uptake, are now considered characteristic in their way, and are particularly important in the context of pediatric disease. Examination of autopsy material suggests that vascular proliferation/leakage evolves on the lesion periphery, consistent with enhancement, whilst the greatly widened interstitial space forming the demyelinated core is reflected as perturbed water on the FLAIR sequence.', 'history': 'Previously well, normotensive woman. Presented acutely (days) with onset of severe headache followed by L hemiparesis. Apart from weakness, the neurological examination was normal, including funduscopy.', 'imagePoolId': '3d48b4c6-3ebe-48e6-a44b-b7748c6c457a', 'name': 'Solitary, tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '46 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '7cc3ba75-2642-4233-b9f6-0ce69ffe28f3', 'value': 'Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC'}, {'key': '5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850', 'value': 'Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR'}], 'caseVersionId': 'fd0cac8a-dcb8-4f24-b400-d8f125491f7a', 'description': 'Variant CT, MRI and MRS case of tumefactive multiple sclerosis.\n\nAxial NECT (#1) demonstrates extensive right parieto-occipital white matter edema (arrow). Axial FLAIR MR images (#2-5) also demonstrate marked white matter edema (arrow) with extension into the corpus callosum. There is a central hypointense mass (curved arrow) which causes mass effect on the adjacent lateral ventricle and effaces the regional sulci. Axial (#6) and coronal (#7) T1 C+ MR images demonstrate ill-defined enhancement at the margin of the white matter edema (open arrows). Long TE MRS (#8) reveals elevated choline (arrow), decreased NAA (open arrow), and a lactate doublet (curved arrow). These MRS findings could be consistent with acute demyelination and probably reflect a combination of membrane disruption, neuronal loss or dysfunction and inflammation.\n\nComment: Although MR spectroscopy can be helpful in evaluation, the MRS findings in multiple sclerosis are not specific. The spectral pattern of demyelination and low grade neoplasms can be similar, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously.', 'history': None, 'imagePoolId': 'be36e86d-23a4-498a-b614-f6b91c73cb95', 'name': 'Tumefactive, Balo type', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '8 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': 'bee1f359-33fb-4cba-9e6b-ed1ca1842439', 'value': 'Jeffrey S. Ross, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '37f29d50-e59d-4bd3-893c-6b86eb49257a', 'description': 'Classic pattern of tumefactive demyelination disease, with partial ring enhancement.\n\nMR study (#1-7) shows large T2 hyperintense lesion in right frontal lobe with mild mass effect, and diffusion restriction along the periphery. Following contrast, there is intense enhancement of a portion of the periphery of the lesion. \n\nComment: This pattern of enhancement makes the diagnosis of demyelinating disease highly likely. Tumor and abscess would all show a complete ring of enhancement.', 'history': 'Presented with weakness. Followup study 2 months later showed marked resolution of the lesion.', 'imagePoolId': '920fd052-87a5-41d5-840e-4a78e3d07715', 'name': 'Tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '65 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915', 'value': 'H. Ric Harnsberger, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'fb51616f-a24f-4509-9cbb-f03109749515', 'description': 'Variant MR case of multiple sclerosis (MS) involving both supratentorial white matter and pons-medulla. Lateral pontine plaque is seen associated with enhancing preganglionic segment of the trigeminal nerve.\n\nAxial T2 MR images (#1-4) best delineate the large left lateral pontine MS plaque (curved arrow) with involvement of the root entry zone of CN5 (open arrow, #4). The left middle cerebellar peduncle (open arrow, #2) and bilateral inferior cerebellar peduncles (open arrows, #1) are also affected. Sagittal FLAIR image (#5) shows both the typical supratentorial white matter plaques and the lateral pontine lesion (curved arrow) pointing into the root entry zone (open arrow) and preganglionic segment CN5 (arrow). \n\nEnhance axial (#6-7) and coronal (#8-10) T1 MR images reveal an enhancing preganglionic segment of CN5 on the left (arrow). Interestingly, the root entry zone area of CN5 on the left does not enhance (open arrow) nor does the lateral pontine MS plaque (curved arrow).', 'history': 'Patient presents with previous history of multiple sclerosis and new onset of left trigeminal neuropathy.', 'imagePoolId': '5ce11fd3-2fe9-4356-ab61-259c2a213f78', 'name': 'Pons, medulla plaques; CN5 involvement', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '48 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '83f867a5-a183-4396-82ea-384015da4d2f', 'value': 'Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA'}], 'caseVersionId': 'd99b0dc5-cbd0-42ce-805c-c629eda08e60', 'description': 'Variant tumefactive MS plaque; biopsy proven.\n\nSagittal T1 imaging reveals a mass-like lesion which is hypointense (image 1, arrows). Axial MRI shows corresponding FLAIR hyperintensity (image 2, open arrows) and irregular, thick, partial ring-enhancement (images 3 & 4, arrows) about this mass-like lesion in a patient not previously diagnosed with MS. Note the lesion crosses the splenium (images 2 & 4, curved arrows).', 'history': 'No prior history of MS. Biopsy confirmed this as a tumefactive MS lesion.', 'imagePoolId': '64fdb676-adb6-4c62-8a45-87bbd2940cd9', 'name': 'Tumefactive', 'teachingPoint': None}], 'caseType': 'variant', 'name': 'VARIANT'}
## Images
@@ -586,44 +586,44 @@ Head and Neck/ANATOMY:18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2
### Selected Images
-
-*Sagittal graphic illustrates multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, and spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
+
+*Sagittal graphic illustrates multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, and spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
-
-*Sagittal graphic illustrates multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, and spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
+
+*Sagittal graphic illustrates multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques involving the corpus callosum, pons, and spinal cord. Note the characteristic perpendicular orientation of the lesions at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR in a 14-year-old presenting with gait instability and facial numbness demonstrates T1-hypointense corpus callosum lesions that represent "black holes" of chronic demyelination. This was the initial clinical MS presentation for this patient.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR in a 14-year-old presenting with gait instability and facial numbness demonstrates T1-hypointense corpus callosum lesions that represent "black holes" of chronic demyelination. This was the initial clinical MS presentation for this patient.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient reveals larger lesions in the right frontal lobe and left periventricular white matter. Note surrounding edema in these more acute lesions.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient reveals larger lesions in the right frontal lobe and left periventricular white matter. Note surrounding edema in these more acute lesions.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient reveals the characteristic heterogeneous enhancement pattern for a demyelinating process in these more recent lesions , meeting McDonald criteria for dissemination in space and time.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient reveals the characteristic heterogeneous enhancement pattern for a demyelinating process in these more recent lesions , meeting McDonald criteria for dissemination in space and time.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a teen patient with acute extremity sensory changes and visual disturbance shows a focal periventricular T2-hyperintense lesion . Imaging also showed additional periventricular and callosal-septal lesions (not shown).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a teen patient with acute extremity sensory changes and visual disturbance shows a focal periventricular T2-hyperintense lesion . Imaging also showed additional periventricular and callosal-septal lesions (not shown).*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient confirms abnormal peripheral lesion enhancement with an incomplete ring pattern .*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in the same patient confirms abnormal peripheral lesion enhancement with an incomplete ring pattern .*
-
-*Sagittal T2 MR in a teenager presenting with acute ataxia demonstrates numerous hyperintense corpus callosum lesions extending to the callosal-septal interface as well as brainstem, cervicomedullary , and cord lesions .*
+
+*Sagittal T2 MR in a teenager presenting with acute ataxia demonstrates numerous hyperintense corpus callosum lesions extending to the callosal-septal interface as well as brainstem, cervicomedullary , and cord lesions .*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient confirms ring- and solid-enhancing demyelinating lesions, including a characteristic perpendicular periventricular lesion .*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient confirms ring- and solid-enhancing demyelinating lesions, including a characteristic perpendicular periventricular lesion .*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a teen patient with acute left body weakness and sensory disturbance shows a tumefactive lesion with surrounding T2 hyperintensity extending into the corpus callosum. Differential considerations include neoplasm and abscess in addition to demyelinating disease.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a teen patient with acute left body weakness and sensory disturbance shows a tumefactive lesion with surrounding T2 hyperintensity extending into the corpus callosum. Differential considerations include neoplasm and abscess in addition to demyelinating disease.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient reveals an incomplete ring of enhancement surrounding the mildly hypointense lesion , permitting a diagnosis of tumefactive MS.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR in the same patient reveals an incomplete ring of enhancement surrounding the mildly hypointense lesion , permitting a diagnosis of tumefactive MS.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a patient with chronic MS demonstrates diffuse thinning of the corpus callosum with extensive abnormal T2 hyperintensity along the callosal-septal interface, reflecting chronic demyelinating disease.*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a patient with chronic MS demonstrates diffuse thinning of the corpus callosum with extensive abnormal T2 hyperintensity along the callosal-septal interface, reflecting chronic demyelinating disease.*
*Axial FLAIR MR in the same patient reveals extensive bilateral white matter demyelinating lesions, predominately periventricular but also within more peripheral white matter. Mild diffuse white matter volume loss with passive ventricular enlargement is present.*
@@ -631,23 +631,23 @@ Head and Neck/ANATOMY:18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2
*Axial T1 MR in the same patient reveals fairly extensive hypointensity within the demyelinating lesions, implying chronic disease with white matter axonal destruction (black holes).*
-
-*Axial SWI demonstrates the characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it.*
+
+*Axial SWI demonstrates the characteristic perivenular location of a demyelinating plaque with the medullary vein coursing through it.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a large, hypointense mass with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or open ring enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for a tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a large, hypointense mass with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or open ring enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for a tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a young male patient with rapid onset of visual disturbance demonstrates large enhancing demyelinating lesions in the deep and periventricular white matter. Marburg disease is an acute fulminant MS variant.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a young male patient with rapid onset of visual disturbance demonstrates large enhancing demyelinating lesions in the deep and periventricular white matter. Marburg disease is an acute fulminant MS variant.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates concentric laminated "onion bulb" enhancement characteristic of acute Baló concentric sclerosis. Baló concentric sclerosis is a rare, aggressive MS variant characterized by acute onset and rapid deterioration.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates concentric laminated "onion bulb" enhancement characteristic of acute Baló concentric sclerosis. Baló concentric sclerosis is a rare, aggressive MS variant characterized by acute onset and rapid deterioration.*
*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows MS plaques with typical perpendicular orientation at the callososeptal interface along penetrating venules (Dawson fingers) as well as involving subcortical white matter.*
-
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows MS plaques with a hyperintense rim and central hypointensity (latter also hypointense on T1WI; not shown). Note the characteristic posterior fossa lesion .*
+
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows MS plaques with a hyperintense rim and central hypointensity (latter also hypointense on T1WI; not shown). Note the characteristic posterior fossa lesion .*
*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates nodular enhancing MS plaques. Note the common periventricular location with perpendicular orientation as well as involvement of subcortical white matter.*
@@ -664,12 +664,12 @@ Head and Neck/ANATOMY:18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2
*Axial FLAIR MR shows confluent periventricular white matter hyperintensity typical of advanced, longstanding MS with loss of discrete, linear, periventricular lesions.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows multiple hypointense lesions ("black holes") in the deep white matter related to axonal destruction. Note the associated moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows multiple hypointense lesions ("black holes") in the deep white matter related to axonal destruction. Note the associated moderate ventricular and sulcal enlargement.*
-
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a hypointense mass in the left posterior frontal region with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "horseshoe" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
+
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a hypointense mass in the left posterior frontal region with a peripheral crescent of incomplete or "horseshoe" enhancement . This enhancement pattern is classic for tumefactive demyelinating disease, most commonly MS.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows bright enhancement of the optic nerves similar to the extraocular muscles in a patient with MS with acute bilateral optic neuritis.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows bright enhancement of the optic nerves similar to the extraocular muscles in a patient with MS with acute bilateral optic neuritis.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-spine_59786b97-2a4d-4706-a6fe-fe2dcd476b5e.md b/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-spine_59786b97-2a4d-4706-a6fe-fe2dcd476b5e.md
index 59e6256..9a6e062 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-spine_59786b97-2a4d-4706-a6fe-fe2dcd476b5e.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-spine_59786b97-2a4d-4706-a6fe-fe2dcd476b5e.md
@@ -466,29 +466,29 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Sagittal graphic depicts multiple sclerosis (MS) demyelinating plaques within the cervical spinal cord. Lesions are focal and < 2 vertebral bodies in length, typical of MS.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR (left) demonstrates a solitary active MS plaque at the C6-C7 level with focal T2 hyperintensity but without significant cord enlargement. Sagittal T1WI C+ FS MR (right) confirms ring enhancement of the focal lesion, consistent with an active MS plaque.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR (left) demonstrates a solitary active MS plaque at the C6-C7 level with focal T2 hyperintensity but without significant cord enlargement. Sagittal T1WI C+ FS MR (right) confirms ring enhancement of the focal lesion, consistent with an active MS plaque.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI (left), PD (middle), and STIR (right) MR images show multiple short-segment MS plaques within the thoracic spinal cord . Note the relatively improved conspicuity of the plaques on PD and STIR relative to the routine T2 sequence.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI (left), PD (middle), and STIR (right) MR images show multiple short-segment MS plaques within the thoracic spinal cord . Note the relatively improved conspicuity of the plaques on PD and STIR relative to the routine T2 sequence.*
-
-*Sagittal STIR (left), T2WI (middle), and T1WI C+ FS (right) MR images of the thoracic spine show multiple short-segment foci of T2 hyperintensity in a different patient with MS. Multiple lesions show solid enhancement.*
+
+*Sagittal STIR (left), T2WI (middle), and T1WI C+ FS (right) MR images of the thoracic spine show multiple short-segment foci of T2 hyperintensity in a different patient with MS. Multiple lesions show solid enhancement.*
### Additional Images
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR in a patient with MS and characteristic brain lesions (not shown) reveals a focal lesion centered at C7 with minimal if any cord enlargement.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR in a patient with MS and characteristic brain lesions (not shown) reveals a focal lesion centered at C7 with minimal if any cord enlargement.*
*Axial T2WI MR in the same patient reveals a lesion in the left hemicord that is focal and does not involve the entire cord diameter, features favoring MS.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI (left) and T1WI C+ FS (right) MR images show several T2-hyperintense foci in the cervical cord in this patient with MS. Two of the lesions enhance, reflecting active demyelination .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI (left) and T1WI C+ FS (right) MR images show several T2-hyperintense foci in the cervical cord in this patient with MS. Two of the lesions enhance, reflecting active demyelination .*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI (left) and T1WI C+ (right) MR images show active enhancing plaque at the C2 level with both focal, well-defined (enhancing) T2 focus and a small amount of surrounding nonenhancing edema .*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI (left) and T1WI C+ (right) MR images show active enhancing plaque at the C2 level with both focal, well-defined (enhancing) T2 focus and a small amount of surrounding nonenhancing edema .*
*Sagittal T2WI MR of the cervical cord shows a more discrete demyelinating focus at C3-C4.*
@@ -502,24 +502,24 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Sagittal T2WI MR of the cervical cord shows an ill-defined, hyperintense intramedullary lesion at C5-C6.*
-
-*Sagittal T2WI MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates multiple T2-hyperintense foci , some well defined and others ill defined. The multiplicity of lesions and lack of edema or significant cord expansion is typical for demyelinating disease.*
+
+*Sagittal T2WI MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates multiple T2-hyperintense foci , some well defined and others ill defined. The multiplicity of lesions and lack of edema or significant cord expansion is typical for demyelinating disease.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows multiple enhancing demyelinating lesions within the cervical spinal cord. Enhancement varies from focal to ill defined . The enhancement pattern changes with evolution of inflammation.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR shows multiple enhancing demyelinating lesions within the cervical spinal cord. Enhancement varies from focal to ill defined . The enhancement pattern changes with evolution of inflammation.*
-
-*T1WI C+ MR (sagittal on top, axial on bottom) illustrates an incomplete rim-enhancing lesion in the dorsal cervical cord at the C3-C4 level. A 2nd small enhancing focus is noted in the ventral cord at the C6 level .*
+
+*T1WI C+ MR (sagittal on top, axial on bottom) illustrates an incomplete rim-enhancing lesion in the dorsal cervical cord at the C3-C4 level. A 2nd small enhancing focus is noted in the ventral cord at the C6 level .*
-
-*Sagittal PD FSE MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates characteristic ovoid hyperintense intramedullary demyelinating lesions without significant cord expansion.*
+
+*Sagittal PD FSE MR of the cervical spinal cord demonstrates characteristic ovoid hyperintense intramedullary demyelinating lesions without significant cord expansion.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR of the cervical spinal cord depicts focal ring enhancement within an active MS demyelinating lesion.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR of the cervical spinal cord depicts focal ring enhancement within an active MS demyelinating lesion.*
-
-*Sagittal STIR MR shows a focal hyperintense demyelinating plaque within the thoracic cord without significant cord expansion. STIR MR is more sensitive for lesion depiction than T2WI MR at the price of more artifacts.*
+
+*Sagittal STIR MR shows a focal hyperintense demyelinating plaque within the thoracic cord without significant cord expansion. STIR MR is more sensitive for lesion depiction than T2WI MR at the price of more artifacts.*
-
-*Sagittal high-resolution GRE MR of the thoracic cord shows multiple areas of ↑ signal in this patient with MS. All lesions are ≤ 2 vertebral bodies in length, typical for MS.*
+
+*Sagittal high-resolution GRE MR of the thoracic cord shows multiple areas of ↑ signal in this patient with MS. All lesions are ≤ 2 vertebral bodies in length, typical for MS.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/periventricular-enhancing-lesions_0edb9603-ea97-4f3b-be82-21d53c42be32.md b/docs_md/articles/periventricular-enhancing-lesions_0edb9603-ea97-4f3b-be82-21d53c42be32.md
index 072b878..576cd4d 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/periventricular-enhancing-lesions_0edb9603-ea97-4f3b-be82-21d53c42be32.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/periventricular-enhancing-lesions_0edb9603-ea97-4f3b-be82-21d53c42be32.md
@@ -188,222 +188,222 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Multiple Sclerosis**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates multiple lesions with nodular, broken ring, and curvilinear enhancement in juxtacortical , deep and periventricular white matter (WM), consistent with active demyelinating lesions in a patient with multiple sclerosis.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates multiple lesions with nodular, broken ring, and curvilinear enhancement in juxtacortical , deep and periventricular white matter (WM), consistent with active demyelinating lesions in a patient with multiple sclerosis.*
-
+
**Tumefactive Demyelination**
-*Axial T1 C+ 3D SPGR MR demonstrates a large, enhancing lesion involving bifrontal periventricular WM and corpus callosum . Biopsy revealed demyelination. There is encephalomalacia in the bilateral parietal lobes .*
+*Axial T1 C+ 3D SPGR MR demonstrates a large, enhancing lesion involving bifrontal periventricular WM and corpus callosum . Biopsy revealed demyelination. There is encephalomalacia in the bilateral parietal lobes .*
-
+
**ADEM**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows multiple patchy/confluent, avidly enhancing lesions involving gray matter , WM , and along periventricular region , findings consistent with ADEM. Patient had upper respiratory tract infection 1 week before neurologic symptom onset.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows multiple patchy/confluent, avidly enhancing lesions involving gray matter , WM , and along periventricular region , findings consistent with ADEM. Patient had upper respiratory tract infection 1 week before neurologic symptom onset.*
-
+
**Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype**
-*Coronal T1 C+ SPGR MR shows a necrotic enhancing mass in the right temporal lobe periventricular region . There is additional nodular foci along the septum and ependyma of of the 3rd ventricle . Biopsy revealed glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ SPGR MR shows a necrotic enhancing mass in the right temporal lobe periventricular region . There is additional nodular foci along the septum and ependyma of of the 3rd ventricle . Biopsy revealed glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.*
-
+
**Lymphoma, Primary CNS**
-*Axial T1 C+ SPGR MR demonstrates a large, avidly enhancing mass in the right cerebellum adjacent to the 4th ventricle. Biopsy revealed lymphoma. Note mild mass effect on the 4th ventricle and surrounding hypointensity due to edema .*
+*Axial T1 C+ SPGR MR demonstrates a large, avidly enhancing mass in the right cerebellum adjacent to the 4th ventricle. Biopsy revealed lymphoma. Note mild mass effect on the 4th ventricle and surrounding hypointensity due to edema .*
-
+
**Metastases, Parenchymal**
-*Axial CECT shows rim-enhancing, periventricular metastatic lesions adjacent to the right ventricular atrium in a patient with lung carcinoma. An additional enhancing metastasis involves the left choroid plexus.*
+*Axial CECT shows rim-enhancing, periventricular metastatic lesions adjacent to the right ventricular atrium in a patient with lung carcinoma. An additional enhancing metastasis involves the left choroid plexus.*
-
+
**Abscess**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a rim-enhancing lesion in the left occipital lobe , which showed restricted diffusion and was consistent with an abscess. The abscess shows intraventricular rupture with loculated intraventricular enhancement .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a rim-enhancing lesion in the left occipital lobe , which showed restricted diffusion and was consistent with an abscess. The abscess shows intraventricular rupture with loculated intraventricular enhancement .*
-
+
**Toxoplasmosis, Acquired**
-*Coronal T1 C+ SPGR MR demonstrates a right ring-enhancing lesion with an eccentric target sign , consistent with toxoplasmosis (acquired) in this patient with HIV/AIDS. Note surrounding edema and mass effect .*
+*Coronal T1 C+ SPGR MR demonstrates a right ring-enhancing lesion with an eccentric target sign , consistent with toxoplasmosis (acquired) in this patient with HIV/AIDS. Note surrounding edema and mass effect .*
-
+
**Vasculitis**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates linear periventricular and perivascular enhancement along the medullary veins. Meningeal biopsy revealed primary CNS vasculitis.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates linear periventricular and perivascular enhancement along the medullary veins. Meningeal biopsy revealed primary CNS vasculitis.*
-
+
**Neurosarcoid**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates periventricular , ependymal , and perivascular enhancement . Biopsy of enlarged lung hilar lymph nodes was consistent with sarcoidosis.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates periventricular , ependymal , and perivascular enhancement . Biopsy of enlarged lung hilar lymph nodes was consistent with sarcoidosis.*
-
+
**Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders**
-*Axial T1 C+ 3D SPGR MR demonstrates periventricular edema and enhancement around the 3rd ventricle. CSF was positive for antiaquaporin-4 IgG. These findings are consistent with neuromyelitis optica.*
+*Axial T1 C+ 3D SPGR MR demonstrates periventricular edema and enhancement around the 3rd ventricle. CSF was positive for antiaquaporin-4 IgG. These findings are consistent with neuromyelitis optica.*
-
+
**Leukemia**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 9-year-old boy with acute myeloid leukemia demonstrates multiple foci of nodular enhancement in the periventricular and perivascular regions, suggesting leukemic infiltration.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 9-year-old boy with acute myeloid leukemia demonstrates multiple foci of nodular enhancement in the periventricular and perivascular regions, suggesting leukemic infiltration.*
-
+
**CLIPPERS**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows multiple foci of perivascular enhancement in the pons and bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles around the 4th ventricle. This completely resolved after steroids (not shown), suggestive of CLIPPERS.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows multiple foci of perivascular enhancement in the pons and bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles around the 4th ventricle. This completely resolved after steroids (not shown), suggestive of CLIPPERS.*
-
+
**Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows a hypointense lesion in the right temporooccipital region with periventricular extension with marginal enhancement . In this patient with HIV/AIDS and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) (on HAART therapy), this is suggestive of PML-IRIS.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows a hypointense lesion in the right temporooccipital region with periventricular extension with marginal enhancement . In this patient with HIV/AIDS and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) (on HAART therapy), this is suggestive of PML-IRIS.*
### Additional Images
-
+
**Multiple Sclerosis**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows a characteristic tumefactive multiple sclerosis (MS) plaque with irregular, thick partial ring enhancement and mass effect . These lesions may cross the corpus callosum and mimic tumors.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows a characteristic tumefactive multiple sclerosis (MS) plaque with irregular, thick partial ring enhancement and mass effect . These lesions may cross the corpus callosum and mimic tumors.*
-
+
**Multiple Sclerosis**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows numerous enhancing MS plaques in the periventricular and subcortical WM. Note the typical lack of mass effect. ADEM and Lyme disease may be identical.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows numerous enhancing MS plaques in the periventricular and subcortical WM. Note the typical lack of mass effect. ADEM and Lyme disease may be identical.*
-
+
**Multiple Sclerosis**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows classic incomplete ring-enhancing focus in the right frontal WM with minimal mass effect. No other enhancing foci were seen.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows classic incomplete ring-enhancing focus in the right frontal WM with minimal mass effect. No other enhancing foci were seen.*
-
+
**Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows characteristic imaging findings of glioblastoma that include a large, heterogeneous mass with thick, aggressive rim enhancement and central necrosis. There is mass effect and effacement of the anterior lateral ventricles.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows characteristic imaging findings of glioblastoma that include a large, heterogeneous mass with thick, aggressive rim enhancement and central necrosis. There is mass effect and effacement of the anterior lateral ventricles.*
-
+
**Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype**
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows a large, heterogeneously enhancing occipital lobe mass with central necrosis. Note extension across the splenium of the corpus callosum , characteristic of glioblastoma multiforme.*
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows a large, heterogeneously enhancing occipital lobe mass with central necrosis. Note extension across the splenium of the corpus callosum , characteristic of glioblastoma multiforme.*
-
+
**Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype**
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows multifocal enhancement in periventricular WM, fornices , and septum pellucidum . Noncontiguous regional involvement (satellite lesions) is a less common pattern in glioblastoma multiforme.*
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows multifocal enhancement in periventricular WM, fornices , and septum pellucidum . Noncontiguous regional involvement (satellite lesions) is a less common pattern in glioblastoma multiforme.*
-
+
**Lymphoma, Primary CNS**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a solidly enhancing mass with mild surrounding vasogenic edema, consistent with primary CNS lymphoma in an immunocompetent patient. In immunocompromised lymphoma, the lesions tend to present with ring enhancement.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a solidly enhancing mass with mild surrounding vasogenic edema, consistent with primary CNS lymphoma in an immunocompetent patient. In immunocompromised lymphoma, the lesions tend to present with ring enhancement.*
-
+
**Lymphoma, Primary CNS**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows homogeneous enhancement within multiple periventricular WM foci. Lack of significant surrounding T2 abnormality (not shown) and mild mass and corpus callosum involvement is common.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows homogeneous enhancement within multiple periventricular WM foci. Lack of significant surrounding T2 abnormality (not shown) and mild mass and corpus callosum involvement is common.*
-
+
**Lymphoma, Primary CNS**
-*Axial T1 MR shows the neoplasm is an uncommon cause of vasculitis in this case of intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma. Note numerous foci of punctate, linear, and confluent enhancement .*
+*Axial T1 MR shows the neoplasm is an uncommon cause of vasculitis in this case of intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma. Note numerous foci of punctate, linear, and confluent enhancement .*
-
+
**Metastases, Parenchymal**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows multiple periventricular and subcortical metastatic enhancing lesions in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows multiple periventricular and subcortical metastatic enhancing lesions in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma.*
-
+
**Metastases, Parenchymal**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows enhancing lesions in the periventricular WM in this patient with a history of breast cancer.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows enhancing lesions in the periventricular WM in this patient with a history of breast cancer.*
-
+
**Abscess**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a large, ring-enhancing lesion in the left frontal lobe with mild surrounding vasogenic edema. The lesion was drained surgically, yielding Streptococcus anginosus cerebral abscess.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a large, ring-enhancing lesion in the left frontal lobe with mild surrounding vasogenic edema. The lesion was drained surgically, yielding Streptococcus anginosus cerebral abscess.*
-
+
**Abscess**
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows a ring-enhancing mass in the left frontal lobe. Thin-walled enhancement is typical of an abscess. Note the impending intraventricular rupture .*
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows a ring-enhancing mass in the left frontal lobe. Thin-walled enhancement is typical of an abscess. Note the impending intraventricular rupture .*
-
+
**Toxoplasmosis, Acquired**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows bilateral rim- enhancing lesions with a targetoid appearance , characteristic of CNS toxoplasmosis. This was the initial presentation of a patient who suffered from undiagnosed HIV/AIDS.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows bilateral rim- enhancing lesions with a targetoid appearance , characteristic of CNS toxoplasmosis. This was the initial presentation of a patient who suffered from undiagnosed HIV/AIDS.*
-
+
**Toxoplasmosis, Acquired**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows multifocal masses with ring enhancement . Nodular enhancement is also frequently seen. Toxoplasmosis often lacks restricted diffusion on MR, unlike most abscesses.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows multifocal masses with ring enhancement . Nodular enhancement is also frequently seen. Toxoplasmosis often lacks restricted diffusion on MR, unlike most abscesses.*
-
+
**Germinoma**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a large, mixed solid and cystic heterogeneously enhancing mass involving the right basal ganglia . Up to 10% of CNS germinomas arise within the basal ganglia.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows a large, mixed solid and cystic heterogeneously enhancing mass involving the right basal ganglia . Up to 10% of CNS germinomas arise within the basal ganglia.*
**Vasculitis**
*Axial T1 C+ MR shows patchy, multifocal enhancement consistent with subacute infarcts in this patient with lupus vasculitis. Vasculitis is often in the cortical and subcortical WM, although basal ganglia involvement is common. Associated DWI restriction may be seen.*
-
+
**Lyme Disease**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows multifocal punctate foci of periventricular enhancement with associated T2 hyperintensity (not shown) without significant mass effect. The pattern of involvement in Lyme disease mimics MS lesions.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows multifocal punctate foci of periventricular enhancement with associated T2 hyperintensity (not shown) without significant mass effect. The pattern of involvement in Lyme disease mimics MS lesions.*
-
+
**Ependymoma**
-*Axial NECT shows a left periventricular enhancing mass with small cystic areas that are commonly present. Ependymomas more commonly are in or near the 4th ventricle but may be supratentorial (1/3 of cases). Calcifications are seen in 50%.*
+*Axial NECT shows a left periventricular enhancing mass with small cystic areas that are commonly present. Ependymomas more commonly are in or near the 4th ventricle but may be supratentorial (1/3 of cases). Calcifications are seen in 50%.*
-
+
**Ependymoma**
-*Axial NECT shows a periventricular, supratentorial ependymoma containing coarse calcifications . There is marked peritumoral edema. Note the subfalcine shift and obstructed ventricles.*
+*Axial NECT shows a periventricular, supratentorial ependymoma containing coarse calcifications . There is marked peritumoral edema. Note the subfalcine shift and obstructed ventricles.*
-
+
**Neurosarcoid**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows bilateral periventricular linear perivascular enhancement in sarcoidosis. Note additional leptomeningeal enhancement .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows bilateral periventricular linear perivascular enhancement in sarcoidosis. Note additional leptomeningeal enhancement .*
-
+
**Leukemia**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows linear enhancing foci in deep and periventricular WM that parallel the course of the cerebral microvasculature. This form of "carcinomatous encephalitis" is a rare intracranial manifestation of systemic leukemia.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows linear enhancing foci in deep and periventricular WM that parallel the course of the cerebral microvasculature. This form of "carcinomatous encephalitis" is a rare intracranial manifestation of systemic leukemia.*
**Susac Syndrome**
*Sagittal FLAIR MR shows multiple hyperintense lesions in the corpus callosum, typical for Susac syndrome and MS. Enhanced scans typically show leptomeningeal enhancement.*
-
+
**Alexander Disease**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows characteristic near-total lack of WM myelination and striking enhancement of the deep periventricular white matter . These patients usually present with a large head.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows characteristic near-total lack of WM myelination and striking enhancement of the deep periventricular white matter . These patients usually present with a large head.*
-
+
**Ependymal/Subependymal Veins (Mimic)**
-*Axial CECT shows dilated ependymal veins due to venous congestion in an infant with a large vein of Galen malformation.*
+*Axial CECT shows dilated ependymal veins due to venous congestion in an infant with a large vein of Galen malformation.*
-
+
**Ependymal/Subependymal Veins (Mimic)**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows marked enhancement of the deep nuclei in the setting of subacute venous infarction due to deep venous thrombosis. Note subependymal venous congestion .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows marked enhancement of the deep nuclei in the setting of subacute venous infarction due to deep venous thrombosis. Note subependymal venous congestion .*
-
+
**Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows punctate and confluent enhancement in bilateral subcortical and periventricular white matter in PML-IRIS in an AIDS patient following initiation of HAART. There was associated hyperintense T2 FLAIR signal and mild mass effect.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows punctate and confluent enhancement in bilateral subcortical and periventricular white matter in PML-IRIS in an AIDS patient following initiation of HAART. There was associated hyperintense T2 FLAIR signal and mild mass effect.*
-
+
**Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates hypointense lesions centered in the bilateral thalami around the 3rd ventricle in a patient with neuromyelitis optica. Note faint peripheral enhancement on the right representing active demyelination. Typical neuromyelitis optica lesions are periventricular/periependymal following the distribution of aquaporin-4.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates hypointense lesions centered in the bilateral thalami around the 3rd ventricle in a patient with neuromyelitis optica. Note faint peripheral enhancement on the right representing active demyelination. Typical neuromyelitis optica lesions are periventricular/periependymal following the distribution of aquaporin-4.*
-
+
**Neurosarcoid**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates periventricular enhancement around the 4th ventricle in a patient with neurosarcoid.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates periventricular enhancement around the 4th ventricle in a patient with neurosarcoid.*
-
+
**Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a large periventricular enhancing mass, a glioblastoma, centered in the genu and body of the corpus callosum. The main differential consideration for a mass involving the corpus callosum and crossing the midline is lymphoma.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a large periventricular enhancing mass, a glioblastoma, centered in the genu and body of the corpus callosum. The main differential consideration for a mass involving the corpus callosum and crossing the midline is lymphoma.*
-
+
**Lymphoma, Primary CNS**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates periventricular and smaller subcortical enhancing lesions in a patient with primary CNS lymphoma. The larger periventricular lesions show solid enhancement, which is the norm in immunocompetent lymphoma patients.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates periventricular and smaller subcortical enhancing lesions in a patient with primary CNS lymphoma. The larger periventricular lesions show solid enhancement, which is the norm in immunocompetent lymphoma patients.*
-
+
**ADEM**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows bilateral multiple periventricular enhancing demyelinating lesions in a patient with ADEM. ADEM typically follows an infection or vaccination and can involve gray matter.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows bilateral multiple periventricular enhancing demyelinating lesions in a patient with ADEM. ADEM typically follows an infection or vaccination and can involve gray matter.*
-
+
**Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows extensive bilateral periventricular and subcortical enhancing lesions in a patient with PML-IRIS. Unlike PML, PML-IRIS demonstrates mass effect and enhancement.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows extensive bilateral periventricular and subcortical enhancing lesions in a patient with PML-IRIS. Unlike PML, PML-IRIS demonstrates mass effect and enhancement.*
-
+
**Toxoplasmosis, Acquired**
-*Axial C+ MR demonstrates a rim-enhancing periventricular lesion , which was consistent with a toxoplasmosis abscess. Note local mass effect and surrounding hypointense vasogenic edema . The main differential consideration in an immunocompromised HIV patient would be lymphoma.*
+*Axial C+ MR demonstrates a rim-enhancing periventricular lesion , which was consistent with a toxoplasmosis abscess. Note local mass effect and surrounding hypointense vasogenic edema . The main differential consideration in an immunocompromised HIV patient would be lymphoma.*
-
+
**CLIPPERS**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates punctate stippled enhancement in the pons and adjacent middle cerebellar peduncles . This is the typical perivascular enhancement pattern in CLIPPERS, and it can extend to involve the supratentorial brain.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates punctate stippled enhancement in the pons and adjacent middle cerebellar peduncles . This is the typical perivascular enhancement pattern in CLIPPERS, and it can extend to involve the supratentorial brain.*
-
+
**Vasculitis**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates bilateral periventricular punctate and patchy linear enhancement in a patient with pathologically confirmed primary CNS vasculitis.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates bilateral periventricular punctate and patchy linear enhancement in a patient with pathologically confirmed primary CNS vasculitis.*
-
+
**Septic Emboli**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates multiple bilateral enhancing subcortical and periventricular septic emboli of variable size and appearance in a patient with Escherichia coli septicemia.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates multiple bilateral enhancing subcortical and periventricular septic emboli of variable size and appearance in a patient with Escherichia coli septicemia.*
-
+
**Tumefactive Demyelination**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a typical incomplete ring of enhancement in tumefactive demyelination . Such lesions can present with variable degrees of mass effect. The incomplete ring of enhancement allows differentiation from neoplastic causes.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR demonstrates a typical incomplete ring of enhancement in tumefactive demyelination . Such lesions can present with variable degrees of mass effect. The incomplete ring of enhancement allows differentiation from neoplastic causes.*
-
+
**Multiple Sclerosis**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows several periventricular and juxtacortical enhancing lesions in a patient with relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Note no associated mass effect.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows several periventricular and juxtacortical enhancing lesions in a patient with relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Note no associated mass effect.*
-
+
**ADEM**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows numerous foci of enhancement in the subcortical and periventricular WM. Fuzzy enhancing margins are typical for demyelination. ADEM typically follows an infection or vaccination.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows numerous foci of enhancement in the subcortical and periventricular WM. Fuzzy enhancing margins are typical for demyelination. ADEM typically follows an infection or vaccination.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/small-ventricles_2f99bc62-163e-41aa-b190-0da8a4de6d11.md b/docs_md/articles/small-ventricles_2f99bc62-163e-41aa-b190-0da8a4de6d11.md
index 36a24a5..04d62fc 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/small-ventricles_2f99bc62-163e-41aa-b190-0da8a4de6d11.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/small-ventricles_2f99bc62-163e-41aa-b190-0da8a4de6d11.md
@@ -114,25 +114,25 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**CSF Shunts & Complications**
-*Axial NECT shows completely collapsed lateral ventricles with a shunt catheter . Slit ventricle syndrome must have clinical symptoms of ↑ intracranial pressure with slit appearance of the lateral ventricles due to shunt.*
+*Axial NECT shows completely collapsed lateral ventricles with a shunt catheter . Slit ventricle syndrome must have clinical symptoms of ↑ intracranial pressure with slit appearance of the lateral ventricles due to shunt.*
-
+
**Posttraumatic Brain Swelling**
-*Axial CT in a 9-year-old injured by a horse shows bilateral scalp hematomas, effacement of sulci, loss of gray-white matter differentiation, and small lateral ventricles. Also note small foci of hemorrhagic shear-type injury at the gray-white junction in the frontal lobes.*
+*Axial CT in a 9-year-old injured by a horse shows bilateral scalp hematomas, effacement of sulci, loss of gray-white matter differentiation, and small lateral ventricles. Also note small foci of hemorrhagic shear-type injury at the gray-white junction in the frontal lobes.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Axial NECT shows complete loss of the left middle cerebral artery gray-white distinction with cytotoxic edema and left-to-right subfalcine herniation . Note the compression of the ipsilateral left lateral ventricle and enlargement of the right lateral ventricle from entrapment.*
+*Axial NECT shows complete loss of the left middle cerebral artery gray-white distinction with cytotoxic edema and left-to-right subfalcine herniation . Note the compression of the ipsilateral left lateral ventricle and enlargement of the right lateral ventricle from entrapment.*
-
+
**Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury**
-*Axial NECT shows diffuse effacement of ventricles and sulci from diffuse cerebral edema. There is focal symmetric hypodensity of the globi pallidi in this patient with a history of cardiogenic shock.*
+*Axial NECT shows diffuse effacement of ventricles and sulci from diffuse cerebral edema. There is focal symmetric hypodensity of the globi pallidi in this patient with a history of cardiogenic shock.*
-
+
**Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury**
-*Axial PD MR in a 2-day-old with severe deep/central pattern of hypoxic-ischemic injury demonstrates small lateral ventricles and cerebral sulci, as well as symmetric, hyperintense signal in the bilateral globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus .*
+*Axial PD MR in a 2-day-old with severe deep/central pattern of hypoxic-ischemic injury demonstrates small lateral ventricles and cerebral sulci, as well as symmetric, hyperintense signal in the bilateral globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus .*
**Hyperglycemia**
@@ -142,86 +142,86 @@ breadcrumbs:
**Cerebral Infection**
*Axial FLAIR MR shows diffuse gray matter swelling and hyperintensity with resulting effacement of the cerebral sulci and right lateral ventricle. This patient eventually succumbed to rabies encephalitis.*
-
+
**Intracranial Hypotension**
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils and brainstem. There is effacement of the suprasellar cistern . Note effacement of the interpeduncular cistern , which has moved below the level of the dorsum sella, related to "brainstem sagging."*
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils and brainstem. There is effacement of the suprasellar cistern . Note effacement of the interpeduncular cistern , which has moved below the level of the dorsum sella, related to "brainstem sagging."*
### Additional Images
-
+
**CSF Shunts & Complications**
-*Axial NECT shows small ventricles and indeterminate shunt position . Symptomatic ventricular collapse is known as slit-like ventricle syndrome and suggests overshunting.*
+*Axial NECT shows small ventricles and indeterminate shunt position . Symptomatic ventricular collapse is known as slit-like ventricle syndrome and suggests overshunting.*
-
+
**Posttraumatic Brain Swelling**
-*Axial GRE MR in an 4-year-old pedestrian struck by a motor vehicle shows scalp swelling, small ventricles and sulci, and multifocal areas of hemorrhagic shear type injury .*
+*Axial GRE MR in an 4-year-old pedestrian struck by a motor vehicle shows scalp swelling, small ventricles and sulci, and multifocal areas of hemorrhagic shear type injury .*
-
+
**Posttraumatic Brain Swelling**
-*Axial NECT shows hyperdense foci of diffuse axonal injury , which is commonly associated with traumatic cerebral edema. Note sulcal and ventricular effacement . Loss of gray-white differentiation is common.*
+*Axial NECT shows hyperdense foci of diffuse axonal injury , which is commonly associated with traumatic cerebral edema. Note sulcal and ventricular effacement . Loss of gray-white differentiation is common.*
-
+
**Posttraumatic Brain Swelling**
-*Axial GRE MR shows multiple punctate areas of susceptibility in the subcortical frontal white matter but also in the splenium of the corpus callosum from diffuse axonal injury. Less well appreciated on this sequence are small lateral ventricles and cerebral edema.*
+*Axial GRE MR shows multiple punctate areas of susceptibility in the subcortical frontal white matter but also in the splenium of the corpus callosum from diffuse axonal injury. Less well appreciated on this sequence are small lateral ventricles and cerebral edema.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Axial NECT shows low-density subacute infarcts in the cerebellar hemispheres. Basal cisterns are effaced , as is the 4th ventricle in this patient with transtentorial herniation. Herniation syndromes typically result from trauma, ischemia, or mass.*
+*Axial NECT shows low-density subacute infarcts in the cerebellar hemispheres. Basal cisterns are effaced , as is the 4th ventricle in this patient with transtentorial herniation. Herniation syndromes typically result from trauma, ischemia, or mass.*
-
+
**Herniation Syndromes, Intracranial**
-*Axial NECT shows small ventricles and right occipital and vermian low density due to infarct. Basal cisterns are effaced. Vermis is herniated upward through the tentorial incisura , displacing midbrain anteriorly and superiorly.*
+*Axial NECT shows small ventricles and right occipital and vermian low density due to infarct. Basal cisterns are effaced. Vermis is herniated upward through the tentorial incisura , displacing midbrain anteriorly and superiorly.*
-
+
**Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury**
-*Axial NECT shows a typical case of impending brain death with diffuse cerebral edema. Note diffuse sulcal effacement, small ventricles , and decreased gray-white matter differentiation within the cerebral hemispheres.*
+*Axial NECT shows a typical case of impending brain death with diffuse cerebral edema. Note diffuse sulcal effacement, small ventricles , and decreased gray-white matter differentiation within the cerebral hemispheres.*
-
+
**Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury**
-*Axial PD FSE MR shows enlarged, bilateral, hyperintense deep nuclei and small ventricles from mass effect in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Cortical hyperintensity is less prominent than on DWI (not shown) except for more advanced bilateral occipital involvement .*
+*Axial PD FSE MR shows enlarged, bilateral, hyperintense deep nuclei and small ventricles from mass effect in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Cortical hyperintensity is less prominent than on DWI (not shown) except for more advanced bilateral occipital involvement .*
-
+
**Cerebral Infection**
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows near-confluent T2 hyperintensity in the deep white matter and small ventricles related to mild mass effect from encephalitis.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows near-confluent T2 hyperintensity in the deep white matter and small ventricles related to mild mass effect from encephalitis.*
-
+
**Cerebral Infection**
-*Axial CECT shows thick, enhancing frontal leptomeninges with adjacent frontal lobe hypodensity from edema and mass effect on the frontal horns. This was pyogenic meningitis with adjacent cerebritis.*
+*Axial CECT shows thick, enhancing frontal leptomeninges with adjacent frontal lobe hypodensity from edema and mass effect on the frontal horns. This was pyogenic meningitis with adjacent cerebritis.*
-
+
**Cerebral Infection**
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows subtle enhancement of the pial surface of the brain . Note associated ependymitis and choroid plexitis , which may complicate meningitis. Ventricles are small due to diffuse brain edema, although when pial exudates obstruct CSF flow, hydrocephalus is more common.*
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR shows subtle enhancement of the pial surface of the brain . Note associated ependymitis and choroid plexitis , which may complicate meningitis. Ventricles are small due to diffuse brain edema, although when pial exudates obstruct CSF flow, hydrocephalus is more common.*
-
+
**Cerebral Infection**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows meningitis complicated by local cerebritis, as evidenced in this patient with focal mass effect, small ventricles, and ill-defined enhancement .*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR shows meningitis complicated by local cerebritis, as evidenced in this patient with focal mass effect, small ventricles, and ill-defined enhancement .*
-
+
**Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension**
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows an empty sella and small ventricles in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension or "pseudotumor cerebri."*
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows an empty sella and small ventricles in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension or "pseudotumor cerebri."*
-
+
**Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension**
-*Coronal T1 MR in a young woman with headaches and papilledema shows very small lateral ventricles . Superficial sulci also look somewhat less prominent than normal. Pituitary gland is normal for a young, menstruating female.*
+*Coronal T1 MR in a young woman with headaches and papilledema shows very small lateral ventricles . Superficial sulci also look somewhat less prominent than normal. Pituitary gland is normal for a young, menstruating female.*
-
+
**Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension**
-*Axial T2 MR shows increased fluid in the optic nerve sheaths and mild flattening of the globes at the optic nerve heads . Note the partly empty sella . Findings suggest idiopathic intracranial hypertension that can be confirmed with CSF opening pressures.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows increased fluid in the optic nerve sheaths and mild flattening of the globes at the optic nerve heads . Note the partly empty sella . Findings suggest idiopathic intracranial hypertension that can be confirmed with CSF opening pressures.*
-
+
**Intracranial Hypotension**
-*Sagittal T1 MR shows a "slumping midbrain," where the midbrain is displaced below the dorsum sellae . Ventricles are commonly small . The cerebellar tonsils are typically low-lying or herniated. Diffuse dural enhancement is characteristic. Subdural collections are uncommon (15%).*
+*Sagittal T1 MR shows a "slumping midbrain," where the midbrain is displaced below the dorsum sellae . Ventricles are commonly small . The cerebellar tonsils are typically low-lying or herniated. Diffuse dural enhancement is characteristic. Subdural collections are uncommon (15%).*
-
+
**Intracranial Hypotension**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows symmetric, small ventricles and smooth, diffuse, linear pachymeningeal thickening and enhancement .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows symmetric, small ventricles and smooth, diffuse, linear pachymeningeal thickening and enhancement .*
-
+
**Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Acute Presentation)**
-*Axial T2 MR shows diffuse, acute brain swelling in maple syrup urine disease and small ventricles due to subacute edema of deep white matter , thalami , and internal capsules.*
+*Axial T2 MR shows diffuse, acute brain swelling in maple syrup urine disease and small ventricles due to subacute edema of deep white matter , thalami , and internal capsules.*
-
+
**Intracranial Hypotension**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR shows diffuse dural enhancement and leptomeningeal enhancement from venous distention. There are small lateral ventricles. Intracranial hypotension is commonly from CSF leak through a dural defect or from LP.*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR shows diffuse dural enhancement and leptomeningeal enhancement from venous distention. There are small lateral ventricles. Intracranial hypotension is commonly from CSF leak through a dural defect or from LP.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/tracheal-dilatation_25c1fd77-52ff-4a56-b5c4-6ee1335ba369.md b/docs_md/articles/tracheal-dilatation_25c1fd77-52ff-4a56-b5c4-6ee1335ba369.md
index d970dee..edb1147 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/tracheal-dilatation_25c1fd77-52ff-4a56-b5c4-6ee1335ba369.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/tracheal-dilatation_25c1fd77-52ff-4a56-b5c4-6ee1335ba369.md
@@ -106,39 +106,39 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Upper Lobe Fibrosis**
-*Axial HRCT of a 62-year-old man with upper lobe-predominant fibrosis from chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis shows tracheal dilatation and upper lobe predominant honeycombing .*
+*Axial HRCT of a 62-year-old man with upper lobe-predominant fibrosis from chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis shows tracheal dilatation and upper lobe predominant honeycombing .*
-
+
**Upper Lobe Fibrosis**
-*Axial HRCT of a 62-year-old man with upper lobe-predominant fibrosis from chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis shows tracheal dilatation and upper lobe predominant honeycombing .*
+*Axial HRCT of a 62-year-old man with upper lobe-predominant fibrosis from chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis shows tracheal dilatation and upper lobe predominant honeycombing .*
-
+
**Upper Lobe Fibrosis**
-*Coronal CT (minIP reformation) of the same patient shows dilatation of the trachea and mainstem bronchi . This phenomenon is thought to be related to traction exerted by surrounding pulmonary fibrosis similar to traction bronchiectasis and bronchiolectasis seen in the same process.*
+*Coronal CT (minIP reformation) of the same patient shows dilatation of the trachea and mainstem bronchi . This phenomenon is thought to be related to traction exerted by surrounding pulmonary fibrosis similar to traction bronchiectasis and bronchiolectasis seen in the same process.*
-
+
**Overdistention of Endotracheal Tube Cuff**
-*Frontal chest radiograph of an intubated patient demonstrates bulging of the tracheal wall secondary to overdistension of the endotracheal tube cuff.*
+*Frontal chest radiograph of an intubated patient demonstrates bulging of the tracheal wall secondary to overdistension of the endotracheal tube cuff.*
-
+
**Overdistention of Endotracheal Tube Cuff**
-*Coronal CT (minIP reformation) of a patient with tracheostomy cannula shows bulging of the tracheal wall by overdistension of the endotracheal tube cuff. Dilatation of the trachea from overdistention of an endotracheal tube cuff or tracheostomy cannula often results in tracheal injury with increased risk of subsequent tracheal stenosis.*
+*Coronal CT (minIP reformation) of a patient with tracheostomy cannula shows bulging of the tracheal wall by overdistension of the endotracheal tube cuff. Dilatation of the trachea from overdistention of an endotracheal tube cuff or tracheostomy cannula often results in tracheal injury with increased risk of subsequent tracheal stenosis.*
-
+
**Saber-Sheath Trachea**
-*Composite image with axial NECT at the thoracic inlet (left) and axial NECT at a lower level (right) of a patient with COPD shows the normal shape of the extrathoracic trachea and the saber-sheath configuration of the intrathoracic trachea.*
+*Composite image with axial NECT at the thoracic inlet (left) and axial NECT at a lower level (right) of a patient with COPD shows the normal shape of the extrathoracic trachea and the saber-sheath configuration of the intrathoracic trachea.*
-
+
**Tracheal Diverticulum**
-*Axial NECT of a 59-year-old woman with tracheal diverticulum demonstrates a right paratracheal air collection . Note the diminutive and subtle connection with the trachea .*
+*Axial NECT of a 59-year-old woman with tracheal diverticulum demonstrates a right paratracheal air collection . Note the diminutive and subtle connection with the trachea .*
-
+
**Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome**
-*Sagittal NECT (MIP reformation) of a patient with Mounier-Kuhn syndrome shows tracheal dilatation with abundant characteristic tracheobronchial diverticula . Tracheobronchial dilatation leads to impaired airway secretion clearance associated with recurrent infection and cough.*
+*Sagittal NECT (MIP reformation) of a patient with Mounier-Kuhn syndrome shows tracheal dilatation with abundant characteristic tracheobronchial diverticula . Tracheobronchial dilatation leads to impaired airway secretion clearance associated with recurrent infection and cough.*
-
+
**Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome**
-*Coronal CECT minIP reformation of the same patient shows airway dilatation and the corrugated appearance due to mucosa herniating between tracheal rings.*
+*Coronal CECT minIP reformation of the same patient shows airway dilatation and the corrugated appearance due to mucosa herniating between tracheal rings.*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/ventricles-and-cisterns-overview_ad860c4f-fe9a-4469-8eca-a7ccd5cff70f.md b/docs_md/articles/ventricles-and-cisterns-overview_ad860c4f-fe9a-4469-8eca-a7ccd5cff70f.md
index 6d2597b..e68af70 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/ventricles-and-cisterns-overview_ad860c4f-fe9a-4469-8eca-a7ccd5cff70f.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/ventricles-and-cisterns-overview_ad860c4f-fe9a-4469-8eca-a7ccd5cff70f.md
@@ -134,96 +134,96 @@ breadcrumbs:
*Sagittal midline graphic through the interhemispheric fissure depicts the subarachnoid spaces (SASs) with CSF (blue) between the arachnoid (purple) and pia (orange). The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe (anterior) from the parietal lobe (posterior). The pia mater is closely applied to the brain surface, whereas the arachnoid is adherent to the dura. The ventricles communicate with the cisterns and SAS via the foramina of Luschka and Magendie. The cisterns normally communicate freely with each other.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR demonstrates normal anatomy at the level of the lateral ventricles. The frontal horns of the lateral ventricle are separated by a tiny septi pellucidi . Note the foramen of Monro connecting the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR demonstrates normal anatomy at the level of the lateral ventricles. The frontal horns of the lateral ventricle are separated by a tiny septi pellucidi . Note the foramen of Monro connecting the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle .*
-
-*Axial T2 MR at the level of the cerebral aqueduct demonstrates the infundibular recess of the 3rd ventricle , mammillary bodies , interpeduncular cistern , and the quadrigeminal cisterns .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR at the level of the cerebral aqueduct demonstrates the infundibular recess of the 3rd ventricle , mammillary bodies , interpeduncular cistern , and the quadrigeminal cisterns .*
-
-*Axial T2 MR at the level of the 4th ventricular outlet shows the foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka .*
+
+*Axial T2 MR at the level of the 4th ventricular outlet shows the foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka .*
-
-*Sagittal FEISTA MR demonstrates the lateral ventricle , chiasmatic and infundibular recesses of the 3rd ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct , and the fastigium of the 4th ventricle. The floor of the 3rd ventricle in formed from front to back by the optic chiasm, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, and roof of the midbrain tegmentum.*
+
+*Sagittal FEISTA MR demonstrates the lateral ventricle , chiasmatic and infundibular recesses of the 3rd ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct , and the fastigium of the 4th ventricle. The floor of the 3rd ventricle in formed from front to back by the optic chiasm, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, and roof of the midbrain tegmentum.*
-
-*Axial NECT (L) and axial T2 MR (R) shows normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricles with the right being larger than the left. The septi pellucidi are slightly bowed and displaced across the midline. When there is lateral ventricular asymmetry, it is important to scrutinize the region of foramen of Monro to exclude any obstructing pathology.*
+
+*Axial NECT (L) and axial T2 MR (R) shows normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricles with the right being larger than the left. The septi pellucidi are slightly bowed and displaced across the midline. When there is lateral ventricular asymmetry, it is important to scrutinize the region of foramen of Monro to exclude any obstructing pathology.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with hydrocephalus demonstrates focal hyperintensity in the 3rd ventricle due to a pseudomasses caused by pulsatile CSF.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with hydrocephalus demonstrates focal hyperintensity in the 3rd ventricle due to a pseudomasses caused by pulsatile CSF.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows a large ventricular mass in the frontal horn and anterior body of the right lateral ventricle. There is dilatation of the posterior body of the right lateral ventricle and displacement of the septi pellucidi to the left. On histopathology, this was a central neurocytoma.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows a large ventricular mass in the frontal horn and anterior body of the right lateral ventricle. There is dilatation of the posterior body of the right lateral ventricle and displacement of the septi pellucidi to the left. On histopathology, this was a central neurocytoma.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates an intraventricular neurocysticercosis in the posterior 3rd ventricle with dilatation of the anterior 1/3 and lateral ventricles. Note the mild periventricular interstitial edema .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR demonstrates an intraventricular neurocysticercosis in the posterior 3rd ventricle with dilatation of the anterior 1/3 and lateral ventricles. Note the mild periventricular interstitial edema .*
-
-*Axial DWI (L) and axial FLAIR MR (R) shows characteristic large choroid plexus cysts in the atria of both lateral ventricles. Choroid plexus cysts, often called choroid plexus xanthogranuloma, are nonneoplastic noninflammatory cysts and are often bright on DWI.*
+
+*Axial DWI (L) and axial FLAIR MR (R) shows characteristic large choroid plexus cysts in the atria of both lateral ventricles. Choroid plexus cysts, often called choroid plexus xanthogranuloma, are nonneoplastic noninflammatory cysts and are often bright on DWI.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in a 8-year-old child with ataxia demonstrates a large, heterogeneously enhancing mass centered in the 4th ventricle. Pathology revealed a classic medulloblastoma, Wnt-activated.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR in a 8-year-old child with ataxia demonstrates a large, heterogeneously enhancing mass centered in the 4th ventricle. Pathology revealed a classic medulloblastoma, Wnt-activated.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with acute cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage due to cortical venous thrombosis shows high signal in the left frontal sulci.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with acute cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage due to cortical venous thrombosis shows high signal in the left frontal sulci.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with chronic renal disease who received IV gadolinium 48 hours prior shows marked FLAIR hyperintensity in the cortical sulci. Sulcal hyperintensity on FLAIR can be caused by pia-subarachnoid metastases, blood, protein (meningitis), high oxygen content, and retained contrast (renal failure, as in this case).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with chronic renal disease who received IV gadolinium 48 hours prior shows marked FLAIR hyperintensity in the cortical sulci. Sulcal hyperintensity on FLAIR can be caused by pia-subarachnoid metastases, blood, protein (meningitis), high oxygen content, and retained contrast (renal failure, as in this case).*
### Additional Images
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in an 18-month-old child with severe hydrocephalus shows a choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). The intensely enhancing frond-like projections and location in the atrium of the left lateral ventricle are both classic findings.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in an 18-month-old child with severe hydrocephalus shows a choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). The intensely enhancing frond-like projections and location in the atrium of the left lateral ventricle are both classic findings.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a middle-aged woman shows a smoothly lobulated, intensely enhancing choroid plexus mass . CPP in adults is rare, except for the 4th ventricle. Meningioma was found at surgery.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a middle-aged woman shows a smoothly lobulated, intensely enhancing choroid plexus mass . CPP in adults is rare, except for the 4th ventricle. Meningioma was found at surgery.*
-
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in a 72-year-old man with declining mental state shows a nonenhancing mass in the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle. This is an incidental finding, most likely a subependymoma.*
+
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in a 72-year-old man with declining mental state shows a nonenhancing mass in the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle. This is an incidental finding, most likely a subependymoma.*
*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 33 year old with headaches shows an inhomogeneously enhancing bubbly lesion in the body of the left lateral ventricle. The appearance and location distinguish a central neurocytoma from subependymoma and other possible lateral ventricular masses, such as a meningioma.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 3 year old with seizures shows a hyperintense mass at the interventricular foramen. Note the flame-shaped subcortical hyperintensities . This is tuberous sclerosis with a subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 3 year old with seizures shows a hyperintense mass at the interventricular foramen. Note the flame-shaped subcortical hyperintensities . This is tuberous sclerosis with a subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 65 year old with a "thunderclap" headache shows a foramen of Monro mass that is a colloid cyst. Other than CSF flow artifact, colloid cysts are the most common lesion found in this location. They are common in adults but relatively rare in children.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 65 year old with a "thunderclap" headache shows a foramen of Monro mass that is a colloid cyst. Other than CSF flow artifact, colloid cysts are the most common lesion found in this location. They are common in adults but relatively rare in children.*
-
-*Coronal T1WI MR shows prominent pseudomasses of the 3rd and lateral ventricles caused by pulsatile CSF in and around the interventricular foramen (of Monro). Note the propagation of phase artifact across the image.*
+
+*Coronal T1WI MR shows prominent pseudomasses of the 3rd and lateral ventricles caused by pulsatile CSF in and around the interventricular foramen (of Monro). Note the propagation of phase artifact across the image.*
-
-*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows large lateral 3rd ventricles with "blurred" margins from transependymal CSF flow. A cysticercus cyst with scolex causes obstructive hydrocephalus. Intrinsic 3rd ventricle masses are less common than lateral or 4th ventricular lesions.*
+
+*Axial T1WI C+ MR shows large lateral 3rd ventricles with "blurred" margins from transependymal CSF flow. A cysticercus cyst with scolex causes obstructive hydrocephalus. Intrinsic 3rd ventricle masses are less common than lateral or 4th ventricular lesions.*
-
-*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR in a 2 year old with ataxia, nausea, and vomiting shows a lobulated enhancing mass in the 4th ventricle . Fourth ventricle masses in children are usually primitive neuroectodermal tumor or ependymoma, less often atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor which was found at surgery.*
+
+*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR in a 2 year old with ataxia, nausea, and vomiting shows a lobulated enhancing mass in the 4th ventricle . Fourth ventricle masses in children are usually primitive neuroectodermal tumor or ependymoma, less often atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor which was found at surgery.*
*Sagittal T1WI C+ MR in a 52-year-old woman with episodic headaches, nausea, and vomiting shows an intensely enhancing 4th ventricle mass. This proved to be choroid plexus papilloma.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows multifocal sulcal hyperintensities caused by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows multifocal sulcal hyperintensities caused by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR shows artifactual hyperintensity in the occipital sulci secondary to incomplete CSF suppression. A repeat scan (not shown) was normal. Sulcal hyperintensity on FLAIR is nonspecific and can be caused by pia-subarachnoid metastases, blood, protein (meningitis), high oxygen content, retained contrast (renal failure), and artifact (as in this case).*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR shows artifactual hyperintensity in the occipital sulci secondary to incomplete CSF suppression. A repeat scan (not shown) was normal. Sulcal hyperintensity on FLAIR is nonspecific and can be caused by pia-subarachnoid metastases, blood, protein (meningitis), high oxygen content, retained contrast (renal failure), and artifact (as in this case).*
-
-*Sagittal T2 SPACE MR shows the normal flow void due to CSF flow at the cerebral aqueduct and foramen of Magendie . Note the chiasmatic and infundibular recesses of the 3rd ventricle and fastigium of the 4th ventricle.*
+
+*Sagittal T2 SPACE MR shows the normal flow void due to CSF flow at the cerebral aqueduct and foramen of Magendie . Note the chiasmatic and infundibular recesses of the 3rd ventricle and fastigium of the 4th ventricle.*
-
-*Axial T2 MR shows normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricles with the right being larger than the left. The septi pellucidi are slightly bowed and displaced across the midline. When there is lateral ventricular asymmetry, it is important to scrutinize the region of foramen of Monro to exclude any obstructing pathology.*
+
+*Axial T2 MR shows normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricles with the right being larger than the left. The septi pellucidi are slightly bowed and displaced across the midline. When there is lateral ventricular asymmetry, it is important to scrutinize the region of foramen of Monro to exclude any obstructing pathology.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with hydrocephalus demonstrates a prominent pseudomasses of the 3rd ventricle caused by pulsatile CSF.*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with hydrocephalus demonstrates a prominent pseudomasses of the 3rd ventricle caused by pulsatile CSF.*
-
-*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a large homogenously enhancing 4th ventricular mass , which on pathology was a meningioma. There is dilatation of the ventricular system proximal to the mass.*
+
+*Sagittal T1 C+ MR shows a large homogenously enhancing 4th ventricular mass , which on pathology was a meningioma. There is dilatation of the ventricular system proximal to the mass.*
-
-*Axial DWI MR shows characteristic large choroid plexus cysts in the atria of both lateral ventricles within the choroid plexus glomi. Choroid plexus cysts, often called choroid plexus xanthogranuloma, are nonneoplastic noninflammatory cysts. Between 60-80% appear quite bright on DWI, as in this case.*
+
+*Axial DWI MR shows characteristic large choroid plexus cysts in the atria of both lateral ventricles within the choroid plexus glomi. Choroid plexus cysts, often called choroid plexus xanthogranuloma, are nonneoplastic noninflammatory cysts. Between 60-80% appear quite bright on DWI, as in this case.*
-
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm rupture shows high signal in the left sylvian fissure and posterior cortical sulci .*
+
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a patient with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm rupture shows high signal in the left sylvian fissure and posterior cortical sulci .*
diff --git a/docs_md/articles/ventriculomegaly_f40bd6eb-e7e5-498a-8bde-ad6bcd546f21.md b/docs_md/articles/ventriculomegaly_f40bd6eb-e7e5-498a-8bde-ad6bcd546f21.md
index 38b6c69..9ee749d 100644
--- a/docs_md/articles/ventriculomegaly_f40bd6eb-e7e5-498a-8bde-ad6bcd546f21.md
+++ b/docs_md/articles/ventriculomegaly_f40bd6eb-e7e5-498a-8bde-ad6bcd546f21.md
@@ -207,111 +207,111 @@ breadcrumbs:
### Selected Images
-
+
**Fetal Ventriculomegaly**
-*Transverse oblique US in an 18-week fetus shows mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles (11 mm). If the ventriculomegaly worsens later in pregnancy, fetal or postnatal MR imaging should be obtained.*
+*Transverse oblique US in an 18-week fetus shows mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles (11 mm). If the ventriculomegaly worsens later in pregnancy, fetal or postnatal MR imaging should be obtained.*
-
+
**Fetal Ventriculomegaly**
-*Transverse oblique US in an 18-week fetus shows mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles (11 mm). If the ventriculomegaly worsens later in pregnancy, fetal or postnatal MR imaging should be obtained.*
+*Transverse oblique US in an 18-week fetus shows mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles (11 mm). If the ventriculomegaly worsens later in pregnancy, fetal or postnatal MR imaging should be obtained.*
-
+
**Fetal Ventriculomegaly**
-*Axial T2 SSFSE MR in a fetus shows marked enlargement (> 15 mm) of the lateral ventricles & thinning of the cerebrum . With severe fetal ventriculomegaly (particularly in the setting of aqueductal stenosis), the septum pellucidum (& even the cerebral mantle) may become disrupted.*
+*Axial T2 SSFSE MR in a fetus shows marked enlargement (> 15 mm) of the lateral ventricles & thinning of the cerebrum . With severe fetal ventriculomegaly (particularly in the setting of aqueductal stenosis), the septum pellucidum (& even the cerebral mantle) may become disrupted.*
-
+
**Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces**
-*Coronal T2 MR in a 1-year-old with macrocephaly shows mild enlargement of the lateral & 3rd ventricles with moderate enlargement of the bifrontal subarachnoid spaces (SAS), which are traversed by normal veins . Mild ventriculomegaly is often seen in benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces (BESS).*
+*Coronal T2 MR in a 1-year-old with macrocephaly shows mild enlargement of the lateral & 3rd ventricles with moderate enlargement of the bifrontal subarachnoid spaces (SAS), which are traversed by normal veins . Mild ventriculomegaly is often seen in benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces (BESS).*
-
+
**Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces**
-*Coronal color Doppler US in a 9-month-old with BESS shows normal vessels coursing through prominent fluid , an expected finding that helps differentiate the SAS from subdural collections.*
+*Coronal color Doppler US in a 9-month-old with BESS shows normal vessels coursing through prominent fluid , an expected finding that helps differentiate the SAS from subdural collections.*
-
+
**Chiari 2 Malformation**
-*Sagittal 3D SSFP MR in a neonate with a myelomeningocele shows marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles & characteristic features of Chiari 2 malformation: Small posterior fossa, brainstem & cerebellar descent , tectal beaking , & scalloped clivus .*
+*Sagittal 3D SSFP MR in a neonate with a myelomeningocele shows marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles & characteristic features of Chiari 2 malformation: Small posterior fossa, brainstem & cerebellar descent , tectal beaking , & scalloped clivus .*
-
+
**Aqueductal Stenosis**
-*Sagittal T2 MR in a neonate shows massive enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to obstruction at the level of the cerebral aqueduct . The 3rd ventricle is also enlarged , but the 4th ventricle is normal, typical of this disorder.*
+*Sagittal T2 MR in a neonate shows massive enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to obstruction at the level of the cerebral aqueduct . The 3rd ventricle is also enlarged , but the 4th ventricle is normal, typical of this disorder.*
-
+
**Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus**
-*Sagittal T2 MR in a 1-month-old former premature infant with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus shows marked enlargement of the lateral , 3rd , & 4th ventricles. Note the dark hemosiderin lining the pial surface of the brainstem from prior intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).*
+*Sagittal T2 MR in a 1-month-old former premature infant with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus shows marked enlargement of the lateral , 3rd , & 4th ventricles. Note the dark hemosiderin lining the pial surface of the brainstem from prior intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).*
-
+
**Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial SWI MR in a 3-month-old former premature infant with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus shows signal loss along the ependymal margins of the ventricles & choroid plexus , consistent with prior IVH.*
+*Axial SWI MR in a 3-month-old former premature infant with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus shows signal loss along the ependymal margins of the ventricles & choroid plexus , consistent with prior IVH.*
-
+
**Acute Infectious Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 7-year-old with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis shows marked expansion of the bifrontal SAS & mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles .*
+*Axial T1 C+ MR in a 7-year-old with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis shows marked expansion of the bifrontal SAS & mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles .*
-
+
**Postinfectious Hydrocephalus**
-*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in an 8-month-old with tuberculous meningitis shows extensive basilar leptomeningeal enhancement & enlargement of the lateral ventricles , resulting in macrocephaly. Granulomatous infections are more likely to result in hydrocephalus compared to other bacterial meningitis.*
+*Axial T1 C+ FS MR in an 8-month-old with tuberculous meningitis shows extensive basilar leptomeningeal enhancement & enlargement of the lateral ventricles , resulting in macrocephaly. Granulomatous infections are more likely to result in hydrocephalus compared to other bacterial meningitis.*
-
+
**Obstructing Tumor**
-*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a neonate with a large, obstructing, hemorrhagic posterior fossa mass shows enlargement of the lateral ventricles & posterior fossa. Note the ↑ craniofacial ratio.*
+*Sagittal FLAIR MR in a neonate with a large, obstructing, hemorrhagic posterior fossa mass shows enlargement of the lateral ventricles & posterior fossa. Note the ↑ craniofacial ratio.*
-
+
**CSF Overproduction (Choroid Plexus Tumor)**
-*Coronal T1 C+ MR in a 1-year-old with a choroid plexus papilloma shows an enhancing mass in the right choroid plexus. The lateral ventricles are enlarged without evidence of obstruction. Hydrocephalus in this case is due to overproduction of CSF by the tumor.*
+*Coronal T1 C+ MR in a 1-year-old with a choroid plexus papilloma shows an enhancing mass in the right choroid plexus. The lateral ventricles are enlarged without evidence of obstruction. Hydrocephalus in this case is due to overproduction of CSF by the tumor.*
-
+
**Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury**
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 4-year-old with a history of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) shows extensive areas of cortical encephalomalacia . Note the localized areas of ventriculomegaly due to overlying brain volume loss.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 4-year-old with a history of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) shows extensive areas of cortical encephalomalacia . Note the localized areas of ventriculomegaly due to overlying brain volume loss.*
-
+
**Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury**
-*Axial T2 MR in a 2-year-old with a history of perinatal HII shows symmetric areas of signal abnormality & volume loss involving the thalami , putamina , & periventricular white matter , resulting in enlargement of the lateral & 3rd ventricles.*
+*Axial T2 MR in a 2-year-old with a history of perinatal HII shows symmetric areas of signal abnormality & volume loss involving the thalami , putamina , & periventricular white matter , resulting in enlargement of the lateral & 3rd ventricles.*
-
+
**Arterial Ischemic Stroke**
-*Axial T2 MR in a 9-month-old with previous infarction shows extensive cystic encephalomalacia in right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory with resultant asymmetric enlargement of the right lateral ventricle .*
+*Axial T2 MR in a 9-month-old with previous infarction shows extensive cystic encephalomalacia in right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory with resultant asymmetric enlargement of the right lateral ventricle .*
-
+
**Periventricular Leukomalacia**
-*Axial FLAIR MR in a 7-year-old with a history of extreme prematurity & periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) shows symmetric focal enlargement of the atria with adjacent white matter volume loss. The relative lack of abnormal FLAIR signal compared to the degree of volume loss is typical of PVL.*
+*Axial FLAIR MR in a 7-year-old with a history of extreme prematurity & periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) shows symmetric focal enlargement of the atria with adjacent white matter volume loss. The relative lack of abnormal FLAIR signal compared to the degree of volume loss is typical of PVL.*
-
+
**Porencephaly**
-*Coronal US at 2 days of life in an extremely premature (23-week) infant shows a large right germinal matrix hemorrhage with associated hemorrhagic venous infarction in the right frontoparietal white matter.*
+*Coronal US at 2 days of life in an extremely premature (23-week) infant shows a large right germinal matrix hemorrhage with associated hemorrhagic venous infarction in the right frontoparietal white matter.*
-
+
**Porencephaly**
-*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient 3 months later shows the expected development of right parietal porencephaly & focal ventricular enlargement. Note the rim of T2 hypointensity , related to hemosiderin, which will eventually resolve.*
+*Coronal T2 MR in the same patient 3 months later shows the expected development of right parietal porencephaly & focal ventricular enlargement. Note the rim of T2 hypointensity , related to hemosiderin, which will eventually resolve.*
-
+
**Metabolic Brain Disease**
-*Axial T2 MR in a teenager with metachromatic leukodystrophy shows ↑ signal & volume loss in the periventricular & deep white matter with sparing of the subcortical white matter, characteristic of this disease. Note the enlargement of the lateral ventricles & sulci due to the brain volume loss.*
+*Axial T2 MR in a teenager with metachromatic leukodystrophy shows ↑ signal & volume loss in the periventricular & deep white matter with sparing of the subcortical white matter, characteristic of this disease. Note the enlargement of the lateral ventricles & sulci due to the brain volume loss.*
-
+
**Metabolic Brain Disease**
-*Axial T2 MR in a teenager with vanishing white matter disease shows extensive ↑ signal intensity & volume loss in the white matter with associated enlargement of the lateral & 3rd ventricles & sulci .*
+*Axial T2 MR in a teenager with vanishing white matter disease shows extensive ↑ signal intensity & volume loss in the white matter with associated enlargement of the lateral & 3rd ventricles & sulci .*
-
+
**Hemimegalencephaly**
-*Axial T1 MR in a neonate with seizures & hemimegalencephaly shows ↑ size of the left parietooccipital hemisphere with loss of normal sulcation & markedly abnormal neuronal organization . Also note enlargement of the ipsilateral occipital horn .*
+*Axial T1 MR in a neonate with seizures & hemimegalencephaly shows ↑ size of the left parietooccipital hemisphere with loss of normal sulcation & markedly abnormal neuronal organization . Also note enlargement of the ipsilateral occipital horn .*
-
+
**Hemimegalencephaly**
-*Axial T1 MR in a 3-day-old with left hemimegalencephaly shows marked occipital horn enlargement . Note the abnormal white matter in the left frontal lobe. Enlargement of the ipsilateral occipital horn is common in this disease.*
+*Axial T1 MR in a 3-day-old with left hemimegalencephaly shows marked occipital horn enlargement . Note the abnormal white matter in the left frontal lobe. Enlargement of the ipsilateral occipital horn is common in this disease.*
-
+
**Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation**
-*Coronal T2 MR in a neonate with VGAM shows a markedly enlarged central vein with numerous enlarged choroidal & pericallosal feeding arteries. Note the enlarged ventricles , which are likely due to ↓ resorption of CSF due to ↑ venous pressures.*
+*Coronal T2 MR in a neonate with VGAM shows a markedly enlarged central vein with numerous enlarged choroidal & pericallosal feeding arteries. Note the enlarged ventricles , which are likely due to ↓ resorption of CSF due to ↑ venous pressures.*
-
+
**Dandy-Walker Malformation**
-*Sagittal 3D SSFP MR in a 2-month-old with Dandy-Walker malformation shows a small cerebellar vermis & large posterior fossa cyst that is continuous with the 4th ventricle. There is elevation of the tentorium & torcular Herophili .*
+*Sagittal 3D SSFP MR in a 2-month-old with Dandy-Walker malformation shows a small cerebellar vermis & large posterior fossa cyst that is continuous with the 4th ventricle. There is elevation of the tentorium & torcular Herophili .*
-
+
**Hydranencephaly**
-*Axial NECT in a 4-year-old with hydranencephaly shows porencephaly in the bilateral MCA & left anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territories in continuity with the lateral ventricles. Note the intact falx . Patients with hydranencephaly typically become macrocephalic due to poor CSF regulation.*
+*Axial NECT in a 4-year-old with hydranencephaly shows porencephaly in the bilateral MCA & left anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territories in continuity with the lateral ventricles. Note the intact falx . Patients with hydranencephaly typically become macrocephalic due to poor CSF regulation.*
-
+
**Holoprosencephaly**
-*Sagittal T2 MR in a neonate with holoprosencephaly shows an enlarged monoventricle . However, the patient is microcephalic overall due to the ↓ brain parenchymal volume.*
+*Sagittal T2 MR in a neonate with holoprosencephaly shows an enlarged monoventricle . However, the patient is microcephalic overall due to the ↓ brain parenchymal volume.*
diff --git a/scrapers/document_to_markdown.py b/scrapers/document_to_markdown.py
index 1d42eb9..6046c34 100644
--- a/scrapers/document_to_markdown.py
+++ b/scrapers/document_to_markdown.py
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import urllib.parse
from pprint import pformat
from loguru import logger
import sys
+from pathlib import Path
IMAGE_GROUPS = {}
CAPTURE_INPUT_DIR = None
@@ -41,7 +42,6 @@ ANATOMY = {}
CASES = {}
-
def text_of(node) -> str:
"""Return the text content of a node, stripping extra whitespace."""
if node is None:
@@ -689,7 +689,11 @@ def process_file(path: str, out_dir: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
ddx_entry = DDX.get(docid)
# ddx_entry may be HTML or structured list/dict
if isinstance(ddx_entry, dict):
- ddx_list = ddx_entry.get("ddx") or ddx_entry.get("differentialDiagnoses") or ddx_entry.get("differentials")
+ ddx_list = (
+ ddx_entry.get("ddx")
+ or ddx_entry.get("differentialDiagnoses")
+ or ddx_entry.get("differentials")
+ )
else:
# could be list or simple string
ddx_list = ddx_entry
@@ -705,7 +709,12 @@ def process_file(path: str, out_dir: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
if isinstance(ddx_list, list):
for item in ddx_list:
md += "### " + item.get("title") + "\n"
- md += item.get("documentType") + ":" + item.get("documentId") + "\n\n"
+ md += (
+ item.get("documentType")
+ + ":"
+ + item.get("documentId")
+ + "\n\n"
+ )
else:
md += str(ddx_list).strip() + "\n"
md += "\n"
@@ -727,7 +736,11 @@ def process_file(path: str, out_dir: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
tables_list = tables_entry.get("tables")
else:
tables_list = tables_entry
- if tables_html and isinstance(tables_html, str) and tables_html.strip():
+ if (
+ tables_html
+ and isinstance(tables_html, str)
+ and tables_html.strip()
+ ):
try:
tbl_md = html_to_markdown(tables_html)
md = md.rstrip() + "\n\n" + "## Tables\n\n" + tbl_md + "\n"
@@ -736,7 +749,9 @@ def process_file(path: str, out_dir: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
logger.debug("Failed to convert tableHtml for %s", out_path)
elif tables_list:
try:
- front_lines.append(f"tables: {json.dumps(len(tables_list) if isinstance(tables_list, list) else True)}")
+ front_lines.append(
+ f"tables: {json.dumps(len(tables_list) if isinstance(tables_list, list) else True)}"
+ )
md = md.rstrip() + "\n\n" + "## Tables\n\n"
if isinstance(tables_list, list):
for t in tables_list:
@@ -761,17 +776,32 @@ def process_file(path: str, out_dir: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
if anatomy_data:
try:
if isinstance(anatomy_data, list):
- front_lines.append('anatomy:')
+ front_lines.append("anatomy:")
for a in anatomy_data:
front_lines.append(f" - {json.dumps(str(a))}")
md = md.rstrip() + "\n\n" + "## Anatomy\n\n"
for item in anatomy_data:
md += "### " + item.get("title") + "\n"
- md += item.get("category", "").strip() + "/" + item.get("documentType").strip() + ":" + item.get("documentId") + "\n\n"
+ md += (
+ item.get("category", "").strip()
+ + "/"
+ + item.get("documentType").strip()
+ + ":"
+ + item.get("documentId")
+ + "\n\n"
+ )
md += "\n"
else:
- front_lines.append(f"anatomy: {json.dumps(str(anatomy_data))}")
- md = md.rstrip() + "\n\n" + "## Anatomy\n\n" + str(anatomy_data).strip() + "\n"
+ front_lines.append(
+ f"anatomy: {json.dumps(str(anatomy_data))}"
+ )
+ md = (
+ md.rstrip()
+ + "\n\n"
+ + "## Anatomy\n\n"
+ + str(anatomy_data).strip()
+ + "\n"
+ )
except Exception:
pass
except Exception:
@@ -786,7 +816,9 @@ def process_file(path: str, out_dir: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
cases_data = cases_entry
if cases_data:
try:
- front_lines.append(f"cases: {json.dumps(len(cases_data) if isinstance(cases_data, list) else True)}")
+ front_lines.append(
+ f"cases: {json.dumps(len(cases_data) if isinstance(cases_data, list) else True)}"
+ )
md = md.rstrip() + "\n\n" + "## Cases\n\n"
if isinstance(cases_data, list):
for c in cases_data:
@@ -1072,6 +1104,13 @@ def process_file(path: str, out_dir: str, overwrite: bool = False) -> tuple[bool
# content already saved elsewhere — skip writing
return False, f"duplicate: {existing}"
+ # Modify arrow urls to point to local folder (remove preceding /)
+ md = re.sub(
+ r"\/img/arrows/",
+ r"img/arrows/",
+ md,
+ )
+
try:
os.makedirs(target_dir, exist_ok=True)
with open(out_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
@@ -1127,6 +1166,12 @@ def main(argv: Iterable[str] | None = None) -> int:
default=False,
help="Clear output directory before processing (default: false)",
)
+ p.add_argument(
+ "--copy-annotation-images",
+ action="store_true",
+ default=True,
+ help="Copy annotation images to output directory",
+ )
args = p.parse_args(list(argv) if argv is not None else None)
input_dir = args.input_dir
@@ -1141,6 +1186,18 @@ def main(argv: Iterable[str] | None = None) -> int:
print(f"No files found in {input_dir} matching *.json")
return 1
+ if args.copy_annotation_images:
+ images = glob.glob(os.path.join(input_dir, "images/**", "*_img_arrows*"), recursive=True)
+
+ logger.debug(f"Found {len(images)} annotation image files to copy.")
+ logger.debug(images)
+ out_images_dir = Path(output_dir) / "articles" / "img" / "arrows"
+ out_images_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+ for img_path in images:
+ out_name = Path(img_path).name.split("_", 1)[1].split(".png", 1)[0] + ".png"
+ out_name = out_name.rsplit("_", 1)[1]
+ shutil.copy2(img_path, out_images_dir / out_name)
+
# Start by caching image group metadata
for path in files:
base = os.path.basename(path)
@@ -1172,7 +1229,6 @@ def main(argv: Iterable[str] | None = None) -> int:
if "meta" in base:
continue
-
# only process files that match the desired prefix
if "document_summary" in base:
with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: