Add comprehensive articles on Vascular Dementia and Wallerian Degeneration

- Created a detailed article for Vascular Dementia covering key facts, terminology, imaging findings, differential diagnoses, pathology, clinical issues, and diagnostic checklist. - Developed an extensive article on Wallerian Degeneration including key facts, terminology, imaging features, differential diagnoses, pathology, clinical issues, and diagnostic checklist.
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+---
+title: "Epilepsy, Adult"
+docid: "c936f9e1-b6c6-4c4a-afc6-f2e1a968a7b0"
+breadcrumbs:
+  - "Brain"
+  - "Differential Diagnosis"
+  - "Brain Parenchyma, General"
+  - "Clinically Based Differentials"
+  - "Epilepsy, Adult"
+---
+# ESSENTIAL INFORMATION
+
+- ## Key Differential Diagnosis Issues
+  
+  
+    - Adult-onset seizures are more likely acquired
+          - Acute symptomatic seizure ≤ 1 week of brain injury
+          - Remote symptomatic seizure: Beyond 1 week
+                  - Encephalomalacia and gliosis can also cause seizures
+          - Epilepsy: When 2 or more seizures occur 24 hours apart
+- ## Helpful Clues for Common Diagnoses
+  
+  
+    - **Trauma**
+          - Diffuse axonal injury and contusions
+          - Intracranial hemorrhage (subdural hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage) can also present with seizures without parenchymal findings
+    - **Stroke**
+          - Most common cause in older adults
+    - **Infection**
+          - All cerebral and meningeal infection can cause seizure
+                  - Meningitis, encephalitis, and abscess
+          - Look for herpes encephalitis
+          - CNS tuberculosis and neurocysticercosis are common causes outside of USA
+    - **Drug Use and Withdrawal**
+          - Withdrawal from alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates
+          - Illicit drug use and drugs, which lower seizure threshold
+    - **Metabolic**
+          - Hyper- or hypoglycemia
+          - Hyponatremia, hypocalcinemia, hypomagnesemia, hypothyroidism
+          - Hyperammonemia from hepatic encephalopathy
+          - Uremic encephalopathy
+    - **Neoplasms**
+          - Glioblastoma most common in older adults
+          - Cortically based tumors primarily in older children to young adults
+    - **Neurodegenerative Disease**
+          - Dementia: Alzheimer
+          - Demyelinating disease: Multiple sclerosis
+- ## Helpful Clues for Less Common Diagnoses
+  
+  
+    - **Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Co-Deleted**
+          - 70-90% present with seizures
+          - Cortically based T2-hyperintense mass, rare enhancement
+    - **Mesial Temporal Sclerosis**
+          - Most common cause of intractable temporal lobe seizures
+          - Hippocampal atrophy and sclerosis
+          - May see ipsilateral mammillary body and forniceal atrophy
+    - **Paraneoplastic and Autoimmune Encephalitis**
+          - Both paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic
+          - 80% have bilateral/unilateral edema of temporal lobes
+          - Limbic system most common, also brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
+    - **Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome**
+          - 60-75% present with seizure
+          - Patchy parietooccipital cortical/subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintense edema
+          - Associated with hypertension, chemotherapy, high-dose steroids, immunomodulation, sepsis, kidney failure, preeclampsia/eclampsia, autoimmune disease
+- ## Helpful Clues for Rare Diagnoses
+  
+  
+    - **Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma**
+          - 75% of patients present with seizures
+          - Cortical cyst + enhancing nodule is classic
+          - Reactive involvement of adjacent meninges typical: Dural tail