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docs_md/articles/adem_a3fafeb7-5861-4364-beb8-c0e30220564e.md
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category: "Brain"
documentVersionId: "c2a39730-fd89-4f20-9447-d7fb297710c6"
imageCount: 22
isBookmarked: false
isComparable: true
isInCompareCart: false
lastUpdated: "08/07/20"
pageDescription: "ADEM"
pageKeywords: "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Disease, Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease, ADEM"
pageTitle: "ADEM | STATdx"
enhancedTitle: "ADEM"
type: "DX"
references: true
breadcrumbs:
- "Brain"
- "Diagnosis"
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3aec74c8-de53-4430-a00a-d8165ad210c7
## References
# Selected References
1. [Carvalho K et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) associated with mosquito-borne diseases: Chikungunya virus X yellow fever immunization. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 53:e20190160, 2020](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=31994659%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Molero-Senosiain M et al: Neuro-ophthalmological manifestations as complication of an infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and subsequent development of disseminated acute encephalitis. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 95(5(:254-8, 2020](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=32147128%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Stokes Brackett AC et al: Multiphasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and differential with early onset multiple sclerosis. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 9(1):61-3, 2020](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=32201679%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Baumann M et al: MRI of the first event in pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol. 265(4):845-55, 2018](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29423614%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Aubert-Broche B et al: Monophasic demyelination reduces brain growth in children. Neurology. 88(18):1744-50, 2017](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28381515%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Bester M et al: Neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and other demyelinating diseases. Semin Roentgenol. 49(1):76-85, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24342677%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Longoni G et al: White matter changes in paediatric multiple sclerosis and monophasic demyelinating disorders. Brain. 140(5):1300-15, 2017](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28334875%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Koelman DLH et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: prognostic value of early follow-up brain MRI. J Neurol. 264(8):1754-62, 2017](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28695361%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Marziali S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: Case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J. 30(1):65-70, 2017](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=27888275%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Kanekar S et al: A pattern approach to focal white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(2):241-61, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24582339%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Daida K et al: Cytomegalovirus-associated encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult: a two-stage attack of direct viral and delayed immune-mediated invasions. case report. BMC Neurol. 16(1):223, 2016](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=27855658%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Pohl D et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S38-45, 2016](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=27572859%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Yuan JL et al: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis following Vaccination against Hepatitis B in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016:2401809, 2016](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=27478662%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Baumann M et al: Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(3):265-72, 2015](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25121570%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Karussis D: The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and the various related demyelinating syndromes: a critical review. J Autoimmun. 48-49:134-42, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24524923%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Mariotto S et al: Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol. 264(12):2420-30, 2017](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29063242%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Nakamura Y et al: Anti-MOG antibody-positive ADEM following infectious mononucleosis due to a primary EBV infection: a case report. BMC Neurol. 17(1):76, 2017](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28420330%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Tenembaum SN: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 112:1253-62, 2013](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23622336%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Wingerchuk DM et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):944-67, 2013](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23917095%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Callen DJ et al: Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children. Neurology. 72(11):968-73, 2009](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19038851%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Noorbakhsh F et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: clinical and pathogenesis features. Neurol Clin. 26(3):759-80, ix, 2008](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18657725%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Rossi A: Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):149-61; ix, 2008](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18319160%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Tenembaum S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 68(16 Suppl 2):S23-36, 2007](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17438235%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Menge T et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update. Arch Neurol. 62(11):1673-80, 2005](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16286539%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Yeh EA et al: Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatrics. 113(1 Pt 1):e73-6, 2004](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=14702500%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Dale RC: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 14(2):90-5, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12881796%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Garg RK: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 79(927):11-17, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12566545%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Idrissova ZhR et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 10(5):537-46, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12940836%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Okamoto K et al: MR features of diseases involving bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(10):1946-54, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=14625215%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Sener RN: Neuro-Behcet's disease: diffusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(8):1612-4, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=13679280%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Stonehouse M et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: recognition in the hands of general paediatricians. Arch Dis Child. 88(2):122-4, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12538312%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Inglese M et al: Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):267-72, 2002](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11847052%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Murthy JM: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurol India. 50(3):238-43, 2002](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12391446%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Tenembaum S et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients. Neurology. 59(8):1224-31, 2002](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12391351%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Bizzi A et al: Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(6):1125-30, 2001](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11415908%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Honkaniemi J et al: Delayed MR imaging changes in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(6):1117-24, 2001](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11415907%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Straussberg R et al: Improvement of atypical acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. Pediatr Neurol. 24(2):139-43, 2001](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11275464%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Dale RC et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children. Brain. 123 Pt 12:2407-22, 2000](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11099444%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Rust RS: Multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and related conditions. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 7(2):66-90, 2000](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10914409%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Schaefer PW et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 217(2):331-45, 2000](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11058626%5Bpmid%5D)
1. [Kocer N et al: CNS involvement in neuro-Behcet syndrome: an MR study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(6):1015-24, 1999](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10445437%5Bpmid%5D)
## Images
@@ -365,7 +409,7 @@ breadcrumbs:
![Axial FLAIR MR shows peripheral, confluent areas of hyperintensity predominantly involving the subcortical white matter (WM) in this child with ADEM. The bilateral but asymmetric pattern is typical of ADEM.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_deba3310-8e09-466c-97d2-1e6bccb28edf_size_168_quality_85_3dfef960_20251018T064936Z.jpg)
*Axial FLAIR MR shows peripheral, confluent areas of hyperintensity predominantly involving the subcortical white matter (WM) in this child with ADEM. The bilateral but asymmetric pattern is typical of ADEM.*
![Axial FLAIR MR shows peripheral, confluent areas of hyperintensity predominantly involving the subcortical white matter (WM) in this child with ADEM. The bilateral but asymmetric pattern is typical of ADEM.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_deba3310-8e09-466c-97d2-1e6bccb28edf_size_174_quality_85_aa30115e_20251018T095217Z.jpg)
![Axial FLAIR MR shows peripheral, confluent areas of hyperintensity predominantly involving the subcortical white matter (WM) in this child with ADEM. The bilateral but asymmetric pattern is typical of ADEM.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_deba3310-8e09-466c-97d2-1e6bccb28edf_size_174_quality_85_6f9ba8b5_20251018T122441Z.jpg)
*Axial FLAIR MR shows peripheral, confluent areas of hyperintensity predominantly involving the subcortical white matter (WM) in this child with ADEM. The bilateral but asymmetric pattern is typical of ADEM.*
![Axial T1 C+ MR in the same patient shows marked, irregular enhancement of nearly all lesions. As ADEM is a monophasic illness, enhancement of the majority of lesions is typical; all lesions have a similar time course. Enhancement of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions is more variable.](images/app.statdx.com_image_e18458d3-5f6e-43fd-ab6d-72c7a86dca92_0f3893d6_20251018T064949Z.jpg)