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"Gynecology" + - "Diagnosis" + - "Adnexa" + - "Adnexal Torsion" + - "Acute Adnexal Torsion" +--- +## KEY FACTS + +- ### Terminology + + + - Adnexal torsion is more accurate term than ovarian torsion, as torsion usually also includes fallopian tube +- ### Imaging + + + - Enlarged ovary: > 4 cm in longest dimension or > 20 cm³ in volume + - Ultrasound + - Enlarged, heterogeneously echogenic ovarian stroma + - Multiple small, peripheral, fluid-filled follicles displaced due to edematous stroma &/or mass + - Whirlpool sign: Coiled, twisted pedicle + - Flow pattern depends on degree of vascular obstruction and chronicity of torsion + - Venous flow initially affected + - CT + - Twisted pedicle most specific sign but seen in < 1/3 of cases (use multiplanar reformations) + - Heterogeneous, minimal, or absent enhancement indicates evolution from ischemia to infarction +- ### Top Differential Diagnoses + + + - Hemorrhagic corpus luteum + - Pelvic inflammatory disease + - Ectopic pregnancy +- ### Pathology + + + - In adults, 50-90% have associated ovarian mass that serves as lead point + - Large, physiologic follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst most common, followed by dermoid + - Presence of venous flow indicates viable ovary +- ### Diagnostic Checklist + + + - Presence of normal blood flow does **not** exclude torsion + - Always look for underlying mass + +## TERMINOLOGY + +- ### Synonyms + + + - Ovarian torsion + - Adnexal torsion is preferred term, as torsion usually also involves both ovary and fallopian tube + - Isolated fallopian tube torsion may also rarely occur +- ### Definitions + + + - Rotation of ovary &/or fallopian tube on its vascular pedicle → vascular compromise and ultimately ovarian infarction + +## IMAGING + +- ### General Features + + + - #### Best diagnostic clue + + + - Enlarged, echogenic ovary with prominent peripherally displaced follicles + - Twisted vascular pedicle + - #### Location + + + - Midline or superior displacement of affected ovary + - Uterine deviation to side of twist + - #### Size + + + - Torsed ovary is enlarged, measuring > 4 cm in longest dimension or > 20 cm³ in volume + - > 10 cm³ in postmenopausal women + - Volume of torsed ovary averages 28x normal + - #### Morphology + + + - Swollen rounded contour of affected ovary + - In up to 90% of cases, underlying ovarian mass serves as lead point for torsion, particularly if > 5 cm +- ### Ultrasonographic Findings + + + - #### Grayscale ultrasound + + + - Enlarged, heterogeneous ovarian stroma + - Multiple small, peripheral, fluid-filled follicles displaced due to edematous, hypoechoic stroma &/or mass + - 1- to 2-mm thick, hyperechoic rim surrounding displaced follicles, known as follicular ring sign + - Cyst may be present and is frequently thick walled + - Ovary is tender to touch by US probe + - Pelvic free fluid; low-level echoes indicate hemoperitoneum + - Twisted vascular pedicle (broad ligament, fallopian tube, ovarian vessels) + - Target sign: Round, hyperechoic structure; multiple hypoechoic, concentric stripes + - Beaked structure: Twisted fallopian tube + - Heterogeneous, tubular structure: Edematous fallopian tube + - #### Pulsed Doppler + + + - Flow pattern depends on degree of vascular obstruction and chronicity of torsion + - Normal arterial and venous waveforms may be present, especially in acute torsion + - May also be seen with incomplete (< 360°) twist + - Venous flow affected first + - Due to dual arterial blood supply to ovary, arterial flow may be preserved + - Resistive indices may be elevated + - Absent venous and arterial flow in late torsion/ovarian infarction + - #### Color Doppler + + + - Twisted pedicle results in whirlpool sign +- ### CT Findings + + + - #### NECT + + + - Ovarian hematoma/hematosalpinx best seen (> 50 HU) + - #### CECT + + + - Enlarged, displaced ovary + - Use multiplanar reformations to better appreciate twisted pedicle + - Most specific sign but only seen in < 1/3 of cases + - Deviation of uterus toward side of torsion + - Edematous stroma hypodense with peripherally placed follicles + - Heterogeneous, minimal, or absent enhancement indicates evolution from ischemia to infarction + - Normal CT results have high negative predictive value when both ovaries are visualized +- ### MR Findings + + + - #### T1WI + + + - Hypointense ovarian edema + - Hyperintensity indicates hemorrhagic stromal infarction or hemorrhagic cyst + - Look for hyperintense rim typical of subacute hematoma + - Hyperintense fallopian tube/vascular pedicle (hemorrhage) + - #### T2WI + + + - Small, peripheral follicles with background of increased ovarian stromal signal intensity + - #### DWI + + + - Ovarian stroma in adnexal torsion exhibit strong high intensity on DWI and low signal intensity on ADC due to diffusion restriction + - #### T1WI C+ + + + - Degree of enhancement variable depending on severity of ischemia and infarction + - Best for twisted pedicle and evaluating for underlying mass +- ### Imaging Recommendations + + + - #### Best imaging tool + + + - Endovaginal US with both grayscale and color Doppler is best initial imaging examination when torsion is suspected, particularly in premenopausal women + - Overall diagnostic accuracy of US is 79%, compared with 42% for CT + - CT/MR more likely to show twisted pedicle + +## DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS + +- ### Corpus Luteum With Ovarian Stromal Edema + + + - Presence of corpus luteum may cause ovarian stromal edema and results in pelvic pain and ovarian enlargement, mimicking ovarian torsion on US + - Increased blood flow in periphery of corpus luteum on color Doppler US or CECT is more common with corpus luteum and stromal edema but may occasionally persist in acute adnexal torsion +- ### Torsed Pedunculated Leiomyoma + + + - Both conditions manifest as large pelvic masses adjacent to but separate from uterus + - Identification of ovaries separate from mass enables exclusion of ovarian torsion +- ### Ectopic Pregnancy + + + - Positive β-hCG + - Extraovarian echogenic mass (clot) + - Adnexal ring separate from ovary with increased flow ("ring of fire") + - Visualization of embryo or yolk sac within tubal gestational sac + - Free fluid in pelvis and Morrison pouch from hemoperitoneum +- ### Pelvic Inflammatory Disease + + + - Uniformly thickened and dilated fallopian tubes + - Pyosalpinx + - Contains low-level echoes or fluid-fluid level + - ± enlarged ovaries secondary to oophoritis + - Normal or increased flow pattern on color Doppler + - ± tuboovarian abscess + - Complex cystic/solid masses + - Indefinite uterus sign + - Obscuration of posterior margin of myometrium by inflammation + +## PATHOLOGY + +- ### General Features + + + - #### Etiology + + + - Ovary rotates on its axis to cause twist in suspensory ligament that contains vascular pedicle + - This leads initially to venous and lymphatic congestion and subsequent compromise to arterial flow + - Severity of vascular impairment depends on degree of rotation (180-720°) and whether there is some preservation of arterial flow to ovary from its dual supply + - In adults, 50-90% have associated ovarian mass, usually benign + - Large, physiologic follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst is most common + - Masses > 5 cm in diameter are at increased risk for adnexal torsion + - Dermoid, paraovarian cyst, and epithelial and stromal tumors can also serve as lead points for torsion + - Infants and children rarely have associated mass + - Hypermobility due to long mesosalpinx + - Isolated tubal torsion may occur due to hydrosalpinx, hematosalpinx, tubal neoplasms, tubal ligation, tubal hypermotility, and hydatids of Morgagni +- ### Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features + + + - Earliest pathologic changes include edema and microscopic hemorrhage within ovary + - Begins centrally + - Prominent, fluid-filled follicles displaced peripherally by central edema + - Late findings include hemorrhagic infarction + - Cystic spaces filled with blood and associated hemoperitoneum + - Calcified mass in chronic cases + +## CLINICAL ISSUES + +- ### Presentation + + + - #### Most common signs/symptoms + + + - Severe, unremitting, acute pelvic pain is most common symptom + - Pain may be intermittent torsion/detorsion + - Adnexal mass may or may not be palpable + - Nausea and vomiting occur in 70% of patients with adnexal torsion + - When present, torsion should always be considered as likely diagnosis + - Fever if ovary is infarcted +- ### Demographics + + + - #### Epidemiology + + + - Affects ~ 2-3% of female patients who present with acute pelvic pain + - Most common in first 3 decades + - More common during pregnancy + - Usually before 20 weeks + - As uterus enlarges, ovaries are pushed out of pelvis, increasing risk of torsion + - Increased risk in women undergoing ovarian stimulation + - Increased risk in women with prior pelvic or abdominal surgery +- ### Natural History & Prognosis + + + - Spontaneous detorsion can recur + - Massive ovarian edema felt to result from episodes of intermittent torsion with detorsion + - Usually long history of intermittent pain + - Presence of venous flow indicates viable ovary + - If no flow seen, ovary is infarcted +- ### Treatment + + + - Surgical untwisting in noninfarcted adnexa either with laparoscopy or open surgery + - Preservation of ovary is possible if normal blood flow is restored after detorsing ovary + - Careful examination and removal of any mass serving as lead point + - Salpingo-oophorectomy in infarcted ovary + +## DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST + +- ### Consider + + + - Ectopic in pregnant patient +- ### Image Interpretation Pearls + + + - Absent venous flow in enlarged, echogenic ovary with prominent peripheral follicles is earliest reliable sign + - Presence of normal blood flow does **not** exclude torsion + - Always look for underlying mass + + 95906236-ab1d-4131-a8ad-c2a217ea1042 + +## References + +## Selected References + +1. [Akçay A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of ovarian torsion: insights into diagnostic features. Abdom Radiol (NY). 50(6):2694-702, 2025](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=39592478%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Dick EA et al: ESR essentials: gynaecological causes of acute pelvic pain in women: a primer for emergent evaluation-practice recommendations by the European Society of Emergency Radiology. Eur Radiol. ePub, 2025](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=40397032%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Dawood MT et al: Adnexal torsion: review of radiologic appearances. Radiographics. 41(2):609-24, 2021](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=33577417%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Moro F et al: Imaging in gynecological disease (20): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 56(6):934-43, 2020](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=31975482%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Rogers D et al: Corpus luteum with ovarian stromal edema is associated with pelvic pain and confusion for ovarian torsion. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(2):697-704, 2019](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=30244282%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Rogers D et al: Peripheral hypervascularity of the corpus luteum with ovarian edema (CLOE) may decrease false positive diagnoses of ovarian torsion. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(9):3158-65, 2019](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=31172211%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Canning DA: Re: ovarian torsion: diagnosis of inclusion mandates earlier intervention. J Urol. 191(1):212-3, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24331506%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Erikci VS et al: Isolated salpingeal torsion in children: a case series and review of the literature. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 20(1):75-8, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24639322%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Lourenco AP et al: Ovarian and tubal torsion: imaging findings on US, CT, and MRI. Emerg Radiol. 21(2):179-87, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24078282%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Munshi S et al: Laparoscopic detorsion for bilateral ovarian torsion in a singleton pregnancy with spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci. 7(1):66-8, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24829535%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Sasaki KJ et al: Adnexal torsion: review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 21(2):196-202, 2014](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24126258%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Geimanaite L et al: Ovarian torsion in children: management and outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 48(9):1946-53, 2013](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24074673%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Morton MJ et al: Case report: ovarian torsion in pregnancy - diagnosis and management. J Emerg Med. 45(3):348-51, 2013](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23810116%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Duigenan S et al: Ovarian torsion: diagnostic features on CT and MRI with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(2):W122-31, 2012](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22268201%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Sibal M: Follicular ring sign: a simple sonographic sign for early diagnosis of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 31(11):1803-9, 2012](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23091252%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Wilkinson C et al: Adnexal torsion -- a multimodality imaging review. Clin Radiol. 67(5):476-83, 2012](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22137723%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Cicchiello LA et al: Ultrasound evaluation of gynecologic causes of pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 38(1):85-114, viii, 2011](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21419329%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Mashiach R et al: Sonographic diagnosis of ovarian torsion: accuracy and predictive factors. J Ultrasound Med. 30(9):1205-10, 2011](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21876091%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Hiei K et al: Ovarian torsion; early diagnosis by MRI to prevent irreversible damage. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 37(3):233-4, 2010](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21077534%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Breech LL et al: Adnexal torsion in pediatric and adolescent girls. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 17(5):483-9, 2005](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16141762%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Cass DL: Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg. 14(2):86-92, 2005](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15846564%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Ogburn T et al: Adnexal torsion: experience at a single university center. J Reprod Med. 50(8):591-4, 2005](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16220764%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [White M et al: Ovarian torsion: 10-year perspective. Emerg Med Australas. 17(3):231-7, 2005](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15953224%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Gittleman AM et al: Ovarian torsion: CT findings in a child. J Pediatr Surg. 39(8):1270-2, 2004](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15300544%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Lambert MJ et al: Gynecologic ultrasound in emergency medicine. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 22(3):683-96, 2004](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15301846%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Ratani RS et al: Pediatric gynecologic ultrasound. Ultrasound Q. 20(3):127-39, 2004](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15322390%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Webb EM et al: Adnexal mass with pelvic pain. Radiol Clin North Am. 42(2):329-48, 2004](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15136020%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Crouch NS et al: Ovarian torsion: to pex or not to pex? Case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 16(6):381-4, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=14642961%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Ignacio EA et al: Ultrasound of the acute female pelvis. Ultrasound Q. 19(2):86-98; quiz 108-10, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12973093%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Nishino M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in gynecologic emergencies. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 27(4):564-70, 2003](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12886145%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Ozcan C et al: Adnexal torsion in children may have a catastrophic sequel: asynchronous bilateral torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 37(11):1617-20, 2002](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12407550%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Promecene PA: Laparoscopy in gynecologic emergencies. Semin Laparosc Surg. 9(1):64-75, 2002](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11979412%5Bpmid%5D) +1. [Rha SE et al: CT and MR imaging features of adnexal torsion. Radiographics. 22(2):283-94, 2002](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11896219%5Bpmid%5D) + +## Differential diagnosis + +### Solid Adnexal Mass +DDX:1fc7c531-ac70-43f7-91a7-a6e01b8e616b + +### Acute Left Abdominal Pain +DDX:65c32297-ce9e-41dd-80b5-60fd7160f2a6 + +### Acute Right Lower Quadrant Pain +DDX:0cf67a29-c8c8-4ffc-83d6-99f0ee0b8dd8 + +### Ovarian Mass +DDX:3f581609-2dac-4456-ac58-01b68c7535aa + +### Pelvis Mass +DDX:a912daa3-bd98-43dd-8310-290393f4def9 + +### Cystic Adnexal Mass +DDX:88a31011-4bc5-45b0-8aea-e7872b12257c + +### Enlarged Ovary +DDX:373571ed-1233-42d9-a38f-5158d7a41ab9 + +### Extraovarian Adnexal Mass +DDX:6848b567-4e17-4acd-8afc-7341d24ae30b + +## Anatomy + +### Anatomy of the Adnexa +Gynecology/ANATOMY:768ca129-7f1f-436c-97a5-ecd0f63f6441 + +### Ovaries +Gynecology/ANATOMY:19736b1f-b15c-4275-8f1d-52fab6873235 + +### Ovaries +Ultrasound/ANATOMY:2d5c024d-0613-45e5-a741-6bb222aa26eb + +## Cases + +- {'cases': [{'authors': [{'key': 'da7b7f87-c980-4378-9f2c-8b4499c8a7e9', 'value': 'Maryam Rezvani, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'b08cddd1-2ff1-4092-bad6-2166e4d87a06', 'description': 'Axial CECT (#1) shows a large, simple-appearing cystic mass (arrows) in the left hemiabdomen. Coronal CECT (#2) shows the large cystic mass (arrow) with an associated pedicle (open arrow) extending out of the left hemipelvis. The pedicle has a twisted configuration.', 'history': 'Sudden onset of severe left lower quadrant pain.', 'imagePoolId': '549b8444-c639-4ef7-8866-eef19bed877d', 'name': 'Ovarian torsion on CT', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '37 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': 'b4e1fa52-80a4-4e86-9e6f-beb2fe21629b', 'value': 'Aya Kamaya, MD, FSRU, FSAR'}], 'caseVersionId': 'dc88dd6d-8863-4ab8-9208-63c201ff8389', 'description': 'Transverse grayscale view of the left adnexa (Vid. 1) shows a swirl of tissue leading to an enlarged ovary (measuring > 5 cm) with numerous hemorrhagic peripheral follicles. The patient was confirmed to have a torsed left ovary with twist upon the pedicle of 360°.', 'history': 'Patient presents with severe left pelvic pain.', 'imagePoolId': '548443c4-c87b-42d8-a5a8-d5eb8c1c819b', 'name': 'Ovarian Torsion With Twisted Pedicle', 'teachingPoint': '{b| }{b|} The best diagnostic clue for the presence of torsed ovary/adnexa is an enlarged ovary greater than 5 cm in dimension in combination with a compatible clinical presentation. In this patient, detectable venous and arterial waveforms (not shown) were likely present because the ovary was only twisted 360°. Indeed, the presence of detectable vascularity on color Doppler of an ovary does not exclude the diagnosis of torsion.', 'demographics': '45 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '0862cce4-8709-43f7-8c54-09d750de22fb', 'value': 'Deborah Levine, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'e1d7e339-7580-4fd0-bbc9-e72bae0f5afd', 'description': 'Transverse (#1) and coronal (#2) CT show a large right adnexal mass (arrows). Transabdominal US (#3,4) show the adnexal mass (calipers, #3,4) as an edematous ovary that measured 10 x 6 cm x 6 cm. Color Doppler (#5,6) show flow within the ovary. Pulsed Doppler sonogram (#7) shows a whorled appearance of the adnexal vessels (curved arrow) and abnormal Doppler flow with pulsatile venous flow (open arrow) and absent diastolic flow (arrow).', 'history': 'Mid-abdominal pain becoming right lower quadrant pain. CT performed to rule out appendicitis. Ultrasound performed due to CT findings.', 'imagePoolId': '025737ce-6fde-4bf4-88e3-91ec923703eb', 'name': 'Mass', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '21 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': 'da7b7f87-c980-4378-9f2c-8b4499c8a7e9', 'value': 'Maryam Rezvani, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '4432e000-b617-4391-9aae-900ce96b0908', 'description': 'Coronal CECT (#1) shows a cystic mass (arrow) arising out of the left hemipelvis with a twisted pedicle (open arrow). At surgery, the cystic mass was found to be simple physiologic cyst of the ovary acting as a lead point for torsion.', 'history': 'Abrupt onset of left lower quadrant and left flank pain.', 'imagePoolId': '3899511b-6aa5-4ee1-b5c4-445f31106339', 'name': 'Ovarian torsion with physiologic cyst, CT', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '41 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '8e8c445a-2b2f-435d-b348-855b7921ad53', 'value': 'Christopher G. Anton, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '5059cabb-3d0a-4b49-9117-1ac2800fe7ac', 'description': 'Typical case of ovarian torsion on transabdominal ultrasound.\n\nUltrasound (#1-3) show a heterogeneous (12 cm) enlarged right ovary with small predominantly periphery located cysts (arrows). Ultrasound (#3) shows absent color flow within the right ovary. Pulsed Doppler imaging also did not detect any arterial or venous flow. The ovary was massively enlarged with a volume calculated to be 688 mL.', 'history': 'Patient with lower abdominal pain was admitted for observation for possible appendicitis. Upon surgeons physical examination there was lower abdominal tenderness and fullness within the right side of the pelvis found.', 'imagePoolId': '89bb16bf-5803-4da1-9c6f-b763162aa7a6', 'name': 'Peripheral cysts', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '12 Years old female'}], 'caseType': 'typical', 'name': 'TYPICAL'} +- {'cases': [{'authors': [{'key': '8e8c445a-2b2f-435d-b348-855b7921ad53', 'value': 'Christopher G. Anton, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'f283eafe-5f26-4004-a004-0b87d547d4a3', 'description': 'Variant case of ovarian torsion on CECT and ultrasound.\n\nCECT (#1-3) shows an enlarged heterogeneous mass (black arrows) located immediately cephalad and anterior to the cystic mass (white arrows, #2-4). The left ovary is identified (curved arrow, #3). Notice the septate uterus (open arrow, #4). Ultrasound (#5, 6) show the cystic mass (white arrows) posterior to the uterus (curved arrows, #5, 6). Right ovarian tissue is identified (black arrows, #6). Ultrasound (#7) demonstrates the absence of color flow within the right ovary. A claw of right ovarian tissue (black arrows, #6, 7) is noted along the anterior superior aspect of the cystic mass (whit arrow, #7). At surgery a torsed right ovary and fallopian tube with a broad ligament cyst was found.', 'history': 'Patient presents with right lower quadrant pain.', 'imagePoolId': 'c025a17f-8072-4c01-a507-147c7dc6ef7e', 'name': 'Cystic ovarian mass', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '13 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '8e8c445a-2b2f-435d-b348-855b7921ad53', 'value': 'Christopher G. Anton, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': '9c751e0f-b181-4f46-919a-c4dc6777973c', 'description': 'Variant case of ovarian torsion on ultrasound.\n\nUltrasound (#1, 2) shows a heterogeneous enlarged right ovary with no detectable color flow (#2). Pulse Doppler imaging also could not detect significant arterial or venous flow within the right ovary. The right ureter drapes along the posterior margin of the right ovary (arrows, #1). The volume of the right ovary was calculated to be 94 mL compared to 7 mL of the left ovary. Torsed right ovary was found at surgery.', 'history': 'Patient presents for an ultrasound of the kidney in follow-up of hydronephrosis and chronic renal insufficiency. Incidental ovarian mass was found when imaging the urinary bladder.', 'imagePoolId': 'b7f705c6-fcd3-41f8-9fed-c8e32cb2dabe', 'name': 'Large adnexal mass', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '14 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': 'b4878f39-1986-46a3-9bc4-67d90a7aed9c', 'value': 'Sean Curran, MD'}, {'key': '7667fad7-f34b-43bc-8704-408f290e7516', 'value': 'Hedvig Hricak, MD, PhD, Dr hc'}], 'caseVersionId': 'a1541b32-9d28-4a4f-b97f-73803c0c4ce2', 'description': 'Variant case of chronic ovarian torsion. \n\nMR shows a heterogeneous high signal intensity mass on both T1 and T2 in the cul de sac. Note the low signal rim peripherally on both T1 and T2 (arrows, #1-3) which represents hemosiderin (repeated hemorrhage over time). The plain film (not shown) did not demonstrate calcification. \n\nComment: The differential would include an exophytic degenerated leiomyoma with peripheral calcification.', 'history': 'Pelvic mass.', 'imagePoolId': '7695905f-9176-42c2-8110-20134b57e4b7', 'name': 'Chronic', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '71 Years old female'}, {'authors': [{'key': '0862cce4-8709-43f7-8c54-09d750de22fb', 'value': 'Deborah Levine, MD'}], 'caseVersionId': 'a4149ce4-24c2-42a1-be70-97e74d4eb833', 'description': "The right ovary (#1) is enlarged measuring 6 cm in diameter (open arrows). The ovary has a round appearance and the follicles are located in the periphery of the ovary. Blood flow is seen within the ovary (arrow, #2) with normal arterial and venous waveforms (#3). \n\nComment: Because of the severe nature of the patient's pain, torsion was suspected, despite normal vascular waveforms. Torsion was found at surgery.", 'history': '15 weeks pregnant with severe right lower quadrant pain.', 'imagePoolId': 'ec0ae1df-0590-4d19-a1da-698e734745ca', 'name': 'Pregnant', 'teachingPoint': None, 'demographics': '35 Years old female'}], 'caseType': 'variant', 'name': 'VARIANT'} diff --git a/results.json b/results.json index a6a83e1..9ac85cc 100644 --- a/results.json +++ b/results.json @@ -1,1040 +1,120 @@ [ { - "path": "docs_md/articles/hypotensive-cerebral-infarction_a3d3dd38-629e-42fc-9d0d-9a03a39781eb.md", - "title": "Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction", - "docid": "a3d3dd38-629e-42fc-9d0d-9a03a39781eb", + "path": "docs_md/articles/acute-left-abdominal-pain_65c32297-ce9e-41dd-80b5-60fd7160f2a6.md", + "title": "Acute Left Abdominal Pain", + "docid": "65c32297-ce9e-41dd-80b5-60fd7160f2a6", "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Stroke", - "Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction", - "Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction" + "Gastrointestinal", + "Differential Diagnosis", + "Colon", + "Clinically Based Differentials", + "Acute Left Abdominal Pain" ], "authors": [ { - "key": "cdbaaa96-a7b4-4498-a355-a2823a7d9e26", - "value": "Kelly A. 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Osborn, MD, FACR" + "key": "e987d3d3-1206-48d6-824b-3347c2968855", + "value": "Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR" } ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Stroke, Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction, Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome", + "pageKeywords": "Gastrointestinal, Differential Diagnosis, Colon, Clinically Based Differentials, Acute Right Lower Quadrant Pain", "reasons": [ - "Breadcrumbs", - "Keywords" + "Content" ], - "snippet": "", + "snippet": "...cute pain - **Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst or ovarian torsion** - High-attenuation (CT) or echogenic (US) material within sphe...", "linked_info": { "anatomy": { "exists": false, "links": [] }, "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "7a3ed4a9-ae05-4d64-ae8e-6a30105501e1" - }, - { - "title": "Status Epilepticus", - "docid": "bb0430ba-9933-40b4-a95b-97ca85070486" - }, - { - "title": "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)", - "docid": "84176f2c-fc9d-4497-8af9-1430b9f0187c" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/subacute-cerebral-infarction_0109f4c0-c84a-4d85-97cb-afe437b9cc43.md", - "title": "Subacute Cerebral Infarction", - "docid": "0109f4c0-c84a-4d85-97cb-afe437b9cc43", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Stroke", - "Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction", - "Subacute Cerebral Infarction" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. 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Salzman, MD, FACR" + "key": "94f835c8-fa13-4e8a-995b-53048e6b0605", + "value": "Philip R. Chapman, MD" }, { "key": "b0a6efa4-ad68-430c-b5da-f5c904adf809", "value": "Ryan P. Cabeen, PhD" } ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Supratentorial Brain Anatomy, White Matter Tracts", + "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Skull Base and Cranial Nerves, Trochlear Nerve (CNIV)", "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" + "Content" ], - "snippet": "\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Hemispheric white matter tracts divided by course into **association**,**commissural**,**projection fibers**\n - **Association fibers** (may be short or long)\n - Short (arcuate or \"U\" fibers) link adjacent gyri, course parallel to long axis of...", + "snippet": "...- Paralysis of superior oblique muscle results in **extorsion** (outward rotation) of affected eye - Extorsion is secondary to unopposed act...", "linked_info": { "anatomy": { "exists": true, @@ -2729,62 +196,77 @@ "is_cached": true }, { - "path": "docs_md/articles/basal-ganglia_a9de3815-ec59-4c78-adf0-94974065a7e3.md", - "title": "Basal Ganglia", - "docid": "a9de3815-ec59-4c78-adf0-94974065a7e3", + "path": "docs_md/articles/traumatic-aortic-injury_061b04b5-e37e-4f63-a198-1020a984e041.md", + "title": "Traumatic Aortic Injury", + "docid": "061b04b5-e37e-4f63-a198-1020a984e041", "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Supratentorial Brain Anatomy", - "Basal Ganglia" + "Cardiac", + "Diagnosis", + "Aorta", + "Traumatic Aortic Injury" ], "authors": [ { - "key": "51f7a216-a89b-4c37-87d1-0a27f25089ea", - "value": "Lubdha M. Shah, MD" + "key": "770e1d77-2287-436e-910b-48232afc7842", + "value": "Prabhakar Rajiah, MBBS, MD, FACR, FRCR, FACC, FAHA, FSCCT" + }, + { + "key": "8b719ccc-d695-4377-9afb-2b399714d382", + "value": "Terrance Healey, MD" } ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Supratentorial Brain Anatomy, Basal Ganglia", + "pageKeywords": "Cardiac, Diagnosis, Aorta, Traumatic Aortic Injury", "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" + "Content" ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus\n - Striatum: Caudate nucleus, putamen\n - Caudate nucleus curves around with lateral ventricle\n - Ventrolateral side of lateral ventricle, head of caudate is most anterior, tail...", + "snippet": "...- Multivariate hypothesis likely: Shearing, torsion, stretching, hydrostatic forces - ## Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features...", "linked_info": { "anatomy": { "exists": true, - "links": [] + "links": [ + { + "title": "Aortic Arch and Great Vessels", + "docid": "a7a252f0-2ac6-402a-8c87-cfce8adc799b" + } + ] }, "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] + "exists": true, + "links": [ + { + "title": "Ductus Diverticulum", + "docid": "9b1101bc-83a2-445c-aef5-53d633e5bec0" + } + ] } }, "is_cached": true }, { - "path": "docs_md/articles/language-overview_40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b.md", - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b", + "path": "docs_md/articles/right-upper-quadrant-pain_33f29d78-0099-4ee9-85da-d0c70c1e0ce6.md", + "title": "Right Upper Quadrant Pain", + "docid": "33f29d78-0099-4ee9-85da-d0c70c1e0ce6", "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Brain Network Anatomy", - "Language Overview" + "Gastrointestinal", + "Differential Diagnosis", + "Gallbladder", + "Clinically Based Differentials", + "Right Upper Quadrant Pain" ], "authors": [ { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" + "key": "c1df94ab-4a9f-44c4-add7-1f174fb9ac45", + "value": "Siva P. Raman, MD" } ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Language Overview", + "pageKeywords": "Gastrointestinal, Differential Diagnosis, Gallbladder, Clinically Based Differentials, Right Upper Quadrant Pain", "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" + "Content" ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Receptive language: Perception of spoken or written language\n - Expressive language: Generating words and producing spoken language\n - Broca aphasia: Inability to speak, word finding difficulty, poor speech fluency, inability to organize grammar\n ...", + "snippet": "...**Epiploic Appendagitis** - Primary thrombosis or torsion of epiploic appendage - Can occur anywhere, but much more common in left...", "linked_info": { "anatomy": { - "exists": true, + "exists": false, "links": [] }, "differential": { @@ -2795,129 +277,35 @@ "is_cached": true }, { - "path": "docs_md/articles/limbic-network_e1a20b61-b2c1-44c5-ba04-59843855bfef.md", - "title": "Limbic Network", - "docid": "e1a20b61-b2c1-44c5-ba04-59843855bfef", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Brain Network Anatomy", - "Limbic Network" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Limbic Network", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Limbic network includes amygdala, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, medial temporal lobe, and claustrum\n- ### Amygdala\n \n \n - Differential connectivity patterns for laterobasal, centromedial, and superficial amygdala, similar to animal studi...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/gyral-sulcal-anatomy_849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434.md", - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Supratentorial Brain Anatomy", - "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "51f7a216-a89b-4c37-87d1-0a27f25089ea", - "value": "Lubdha M. Shah, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Supratentorial Brain Anatomy, Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Lobes\n \n \n - Frontal lobe\n - Extends to central sulcus\n - Separated inferiorly & laterally from temporal lobe by sylvian fissure (a.k.a. lateral sulcus)\n - Parietal lobe\n - Medially separated from occipital lobe by parietooccipital sulcus...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/gyral-sulcal-anatomy_299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b.md", - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Functional MRI", - "Regional Brain Anatomy", - "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "51f7a216-a89b-4c37-87d1-0a27f25089ea", - "value": "Lubdha M. Shah, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Functional MRI, Regional Brain Anatomy, Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Lobes\n \n \n - Frontal lobe\n - Extends to central sulcus\n - Separated inferiorly & laterally from temporal lobe by sylvian fissure (a.k.a. lateral sulcus)\n - Parietal lobe\n - Medially separated from occipital lobe by parietooccipital sulcus...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/brain_080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500.md", - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500", + "path": "docs_md/articles/dilated-gallbladder_e247f853-a5c2-4535-b071-33f6b89acd80.md", + "title": "Dilated Gallbladder", + "docid": "e247f853-a5c2-4535-b071-33f6b89acd80", "breadcrumbs": [ + "Gastrointestinal", + "Differential Diagnosis", + "Gallbladder", + "Modality-Specific Imaging Findings", "Ultrasound", - "Anatomy", - "Brain and Spine", - "Brain" + "Dilated Gallbladder" ], "authors": [ { - "key": "961f3a7f-ad62-43bc-98f4-5116b17ab812", - "value": "Paula J. Woodward, MD, FSRU" + "key": "07469ec4-05aa-4d65-a788-08b4d64048af", + "value": "Jade Wong-You-Cheong, MBChB, MRCP, FRCR, FSRU, FSAR" + }, + { + "key": "6c5a9e0e-9dea-461b-9ad4-c00f5c4c2bbf", + "value": "Atif Zaheer, MD, FSAR" } ], - "pageKeywords": "Ultrasound, Anatomy, Brain and Spine, Brain", + "pageKeywords": "Gastrointestinal, Differential Diagnosis, Gallbladder, Modality-Specific Imaging Findings, Ultrasound, Dilated Gallbladder", "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" + "Content" ], - "snippet": "\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Supratentorial Structures\n \n \n - **Gyri**: Complex convolutions of brain cortex; hypoechoic on ultrasound (US)\n - **Sulci**(fissure): CSF-filled grooves or clefts that separate gyri; echogenic on US\n - Sulci separate gyri, **fissures** separate hemispheres/l...", + "snippet": "...Helpful Clues for Rare Diagnoses - **Gallbladder Torsion/Volvulus** - Older, thin women with wandering gallbladder - Fe...", "linked_info": { "anatomy": { - "exists": true, + "exists": false, "links": [] }, "differential": { @@ -2928,4204 +316,30 @@ "is_cached": true }, { - "path": "docs_md/articles/attention-control-network_a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f.md", - "title": "Attention Control Network", - "docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Brain Network Anatomy", - "Attention Control Network" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Attention Control Network", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n# IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ## Overview\n \n \n - Attention control network is a constellation of distributed brain networks processing attention to external stimuli and symbols\n - Many aliases: Task-positive network, frontoparietal network, executive control network, and central executive netw...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/default-mode-network_a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3.md", - "title": "Default Mode Network", - "docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Functional MRI", - "Functional Network Anatomy", - "Default Mode Network" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Functional MRI, Functional Network Anatomy, Default Mode Network", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Set of brain regions activated during stimulus-independent thought\n - Includes 3 subnetworks: Dorsal medial prefrontal, medial temporal, and core hubs\n - Dorsal medial prefrontal subsystem: Introspection of mental states of others (theory o...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/functional-network-overview_7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5.md", - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Functional MRI", - "Functional Network Anatomy", - "Functional Network Overview" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Functional MRI, Functional Network Anatomy, Functional Network Overview", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Numerous proposed brain network parcellations show similar features, with at least 5 core networks common across methods\n- ### Default Mode Network\n \n \n - Regions: Posterior cingulate/precuneus, medial prefrontal, inferior parietal (temporoparieta...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/functional-network-overview_ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367.md", - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Brain Network Anatomy", - "Functional Network Overview" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Functional Network Overview", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Numerous proposed brain network parcellations show similar features with at least 5 core networks common across methods\n- ### Default Mode Network\n \n \n - Regions: Posterior cingulate/precuneus, medial prefrontal, inferior parietal (temporoparietal...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/social-brain-anatomy_0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca.md", - "title": "Social Brain Anatomy", - "docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Brain Network Anatomy", - "Social Brain Anatomy" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Social Brain Anatomy", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - A distributed set of brain regions are thought to participate in social cognition, each contributing functionality to specific social interactions\n- ### Anatomy Relationships\n \n \n - Mirror neuron system: Set of neurons in premotor cortex, suppleme...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/thalamus_b7f0cd6b-4ba2-4ed4-8dd0-5ca56d9ae92b.md", - "title": "Thalamus", - "docid": "b7f0cd6b-4ba2-4ed4-8dd0-5ca56d9ae92b", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Supratentorial Brain Anatomy", - "Thalamus" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "51f7a216-a89b-4c37-87d1-0a27f25089ea", - "value": "Lubdha M. Shah, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Supratentorial Brain Anatomy, Thalamus", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Part of diencephalon\n - Bilateral structures subdivided into multiple nuclei\n - Reciprocal thalamocortical projections\n - Tonic firing, bursting mode in wakefulness and sleep\n - All thalamic nuclei contain many inhibitory interneurons (...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/posterior-reversible-encephalopathy-syndrome-pres_84176f2c-fc9d-4497-8af9-1430b9f0187c.md", - "title": "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)", - "docid": "84176f2c-fc9d-4497-8af9-1430b9f0187c", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations", - "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Cerebrovascular autoregulatory disorder\n - Many etiologies with HTN as common component\n - Preeclampsia, eclampsia\n - Drug toxicity (e.g., chemotherapy)\n - Uremic encephalopathies\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - General\n -...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "7a3ed4a9-ae05-4d64-ae8e-6a30105501e1" - }, - { - "title": "Hypoglycemia", - "docid": "bd221c1a-5b9c-4213-a0e1-df38acc3bd62" - }, - { - "title": "Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome", - "docid": "c3a19be2-1f91-4dcb-b63a-cbfdaeaca5c1" - }, - { - "title": "Status Epilepticus", - "docid": "bb0430ba-9933-40b4-a95b-97ca85070486" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome", - "docid": "2c495cde-3ebe-494c-8987-d0a6dd61a065" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/brainstem-overview_bf889ffb-646b-429d-8699-d9bd34e8e193.md", - "title": "Brainstem Overview", - "docid": "bf889ffb-646b-429d-8699-d9bd34e8e193", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Infratentorial Brain", - "Brainstem Overview" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "51f7a216-a89b-4c37-87d1-0a27f25089ea", - "value": "Lubdha M. Shah, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Brainstem Overview", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Lacunar Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Main components\n - Cranial nerve nuclei\n - Long tracts\n - Cerebellar connections\n - Reticular formation\n - Midbrain\n - Rostral limit: Brainstem meets thalamus and hypothalamus at level of tentorium cerebe...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cerebellar-overview_b624e76f-15b9-4c1f-910e-8f5581ac2cfe.md", - "title": "Cerebellar Overview", - "docid": "b624e76f-15b9-4c1f-910e-8f5581ac2cfe", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Infratentorial Brain", - "Cerebellar Overview" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "51f7a216-a89b-4c37-87d1-0a27f25089ea", - "value": "Lubdha M. Shah, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Cerebellar Overview", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Lacunar Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Cerebellum is composed of cortical gray matter surrounding subcortical white matter\n - Primary fissure divides anterior & posterior lobes\n - Anterior lobe: Lingula, lobulus centralis, culmen\n - 10 lobules at midline, 8 lobules in each he...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/pons_fc185efd-1f7a-4804-95f6-a49d0fa8aefb.md", - "title": "Pons", - "docid": "fc185efd-1f7a-4804-95f6-a49d0fa8aefb", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Infratentorial Brain", - "Pons" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "4d7b64a2-00bd-47b1-9e98-1f3bd129a877", - "value": "Giuseppe Barisano, MD" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Pons", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Lacunar Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Cerebellopontine angle (CPA)\n - Cranial nerves (CN): Trigeminal nerve (CNV), abducens nerve (CNVI), facial nerve (CNVII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Pons: Portion of brainstem that relays information from brain t...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cerebellum_277bd2bc-3694-4712-a040-f69956b0b4ff.md", - "title": "Cerebellum", - "docid": "277bd2bc-3694-4712-a040-f69956b0b4ff", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Infratentorial Brain", - "Cerebellum" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "4d7b64a2-00bd-47b1-9e98-1f3bd129a877", - "value": "Giuseppe Barisano, MD" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Cerebellum", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Lacunar Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - Classic nomenclature (simplified nomenclature): Superior (tentorial), inferior (suboccipital), anterior (petrosal) cerebellar surfaces\n - Primary (tentorial), horizontal (petrosal), prebiventral/prepyramidal (suboccipital) cerebellar fissures\n- ### Defi...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/enlarged-perivascular-spaces_24c4b347-098b-48a2-9ff9-2b4ed9563cf8.md", - "title": "Enlarged Perivascular Spaces", - "docid": "24c4b347-098b-48a2-9ff9-2b4ed9563cf8", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts", - "Enlarged Perivascular Spaces" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts, Enlarged Perivascular Spaces", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Lacunar Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Perivascular spaces (PVSs): Pial-lined, interstitial fluid (ISF)-filled structures\n - Accompany penetrating arteries, draining veins\n - Can occur anywhere ,but most common = basal ganglia (BG)\n - Other = midbrain, thalami, subco...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Lacunar Infarction", - "docid": "03672bd8-67c2-4d2c-96fd-c21347f28cce" - }, - { - "title": "Cystic Neoplasm", - "docid": "55946978-4764-4b29-acbb-c6bd805caee9" - }, - { - "title": "Neurocysticercosis", - "docid": "fc7b01a2-45a4-432a-ad8e-c6bd999fa20a" - }, - { - "title": "Cryptococcosis", - "docid": "083d69de-cf29-4bf4-a491-80e2a562a53c" - }, - { - "title": "Hydatid cysts often unilocular, almost all in children", - "docid": "0af9a9f4-d45c-428b-bdf4-9534f84268e8" - }, - { - "title": "Neuroglial Cyst", - "docid": "496dec2d-7278-4398-95c3-40aa82da0bc6" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/neurocysticercosis_fc7b01a2-45a4-432a-ad8e-c6bd999fa20a.md", - "title": "Neurocysticercosis", - "docid": "fc7b01a2-45a4-432a-ad8e-c6bd999fa20a", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases", - "Acquired Infections", - "Neurocysticercosis" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases, Acquired Infections, Neurocysticercosis", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Lacunar Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Intracranial parasitic infection caused by pork tapeworm *Taenia solium*\n - 4 pathologic stages: **Vesicular**, **colloidal vesicular**, **granular nodular**, and **nodular calcified**\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best diagnostic clue: Cyst with \"do...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Ventricles and Choroid Plexus", - "docid": "e00c86e1-f0b9-4b88-9184-c22d8dd927d8" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "1edc42e3-5c31-42b9-b8b8-44cc3bd38432" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "170ad135-ca16-497a-80de-5a24b9ca2f47" - }, - { - "title": "Subarachnoid Spaces/Cisterns", - "docid": "f56a0bc1-03b3-41fb-9c3f-535e09dccc07" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Abscess", - "docid": "8c199d8a-99c4-4087-82e4-a54d5d80ec1e" - }, - { - "title": "Tuberculosis", - "docid": "02e003d4-80b1-408d-9685-61f60637993e" - }, - { - "title": "Arachnoid Cyst", - "docid": "8a848a6c-ad10-4533-b48c-3e9969cee55c" - }, - { - "title": "Enlarged Perivascular Spaces", - "docid": "24c4b347-098b-48a2-9ff9-2b4ed9563cf8" - }, - { - "title": "Other Parasitic Infection", - "docid": "cb3e6f5c-637e-4deb-9ef9-9273738484de" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "2d4779d1-8223-42ed-86fc-f2e35136ebbb" - }, - { - "title": "Prepontine Cistern Mass", - "docid": "e0f71196-85c7-411c-9c71-e2606b2ee52f" - }, - { - "title": "Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion", - "docid": "384912cc-94d4-4d58-89bb-f378acf18b4d" - }, - { - "title": "Cystic CPA Mass", - "docid": "6c60db6d-8093-4df5-8cbb-c6f6570ae167" - }, - { - "title": "Meckel Cave Lesion", - "docid": "9c5ce268-caf8-4d2a-9735-9b415ad3c9c3" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "86c95889-d542-4617-8dd6-d345255dede9" - }, - { - "title": "Ring-Enhancing Lesions", - "docid": "3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/status-epilepticus_bb0430ba-9933-40b4-a95b-97ca85070486.md", - "title": "Status Epilepticus", - "docid": "bb0430ba-9933-40b4-a95b-97ca85070486", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations", - "Status Epilepticus" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Status Epilepticus", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Seizure with ≥ 5 minutes continuous clinical &/or electrographic seizure activity, or recurrent seizure activity without recovery between seizures\n - Synonyms: Transient seizure-related MR changes, reversible postictal cerebral edema\n- ### Imaging\n \n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Limbic System", - "docid": "f2a117ed-9429-441d-baa0-5e99e05722ac" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367" - }, - { - "title": "Attention Control Network", - "docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic Network", - "docid": "e1a20b61-b2c1-44c5-ba04-59843855bfef" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebral Hemispheres Overview", - "docid": "7006e397-5012-4027-aff8-e8d7158166ee" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - }, - { - "title": "Default Mode Network", - "docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b" - }, - { - "title": "Memory Overview", - "docid": "40e2e25f-421b-4653-94e3-641b09b47e4d" - }, - { - "title": "Social Brain Anatomy", - "docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "7a3ed4a9-ae05-4d64-ae8e-6a30105501e1" - }, - { - "title": "Herpes Encephalitis", - "docid": "1a126429-d4c6-4bbf-9181-1a6e0093e5f9" - }, - { - "title": "Mesial Temporal Sclerosis", - "docid": "ffc95208-88f9-46b7-b806-f51d11ab1ad2" - }, - { - "title": "Miscellaneous Vasculitis", - "docid": "221f737a-6bfa-4331-b296-402e40973f7e" - }, - { - "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)", - "docid": "30a88a01-b24d-476d-a933-48aabcdb6f95" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/glioblastoma_45c3147e-3a1b-4fbf-a626-ed6e99a02ac2.md", - "title": "Glioblastoma", - "docid": "45c3147e-3a1b-4fbf-a626-ed6e99a02ac2", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Diagnosis", - "Brain", - "Cysts and Neoplasms", - "Glioblastoma" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "47381de4-c9fd-4999-8dd0-1808cd72db6b", - "value": "Luke L. Linscott, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Diagnosis, Brain, Cysts and Neoplasms, Glioblastoma", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Subacute Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Rapidly enlarging, malignant WHO grade 4 astrocytic tumor characterized by necrosis & neovascularity\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best imaging clue: Thick, irregularly enhancing rind of neoplastic tissue surrounding necrotic core\n - Heterogeneous, hyperin...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Pia and Perivascular Spaces", - "docid": "aade2e69-4af2-432e-8324-b4f0121d66d7" - }, - { - "title": "Ventricles and Choroid Plexus", - "docid": "e00c86e1-f0b9-4b88-9184-c22d8dd927d8" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebral Hemispheres Overview", - "docid": "7006e397-5012-4027-aff8-e8d7158166ee" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic System", - "docid": "f2a117ed-9429-441d-baa0-5e99e05722ac" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Abscess", - "docid": "8c199d8a-99c4-4087-82e4-a54d5d80ec1e" - }, - { - "title": "Supratentorial Ependymoma", - "docid": "6473690f-409b-4c39-b514-1b9807cc20a0" - }, - { - "title": "Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor", - "docid": "a71cc46d-1234-41e3-b594-689b0bb2afdd" - }, - { - "title": "Ganglioglioma", - "docid": "8ac2e5f8-28c7-4575-86a7-d2a82df2e1f0" - }, - { - "title": "Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes", - "docid": "886793d0-be58-4b57-99b4-7512bfbf3a46" - }, - { - "title": "Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Brain", - "docid": "f2592b04-f800-4235-9eea-a43f2bf4adfe" - }, - { - "title": "Subacute Cerebral Infarction", - "docid": "e34d2015-1ff5-4531-ac48-378233143481" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "a3471e6e-e922-4533-84cc-862e51db6c86" - }, - { - "title": "Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "docid": "1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624" - }, - { - "title": "Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult", - "docid": "9d6bcceb-36a2-4f49-a5b2-1dd076541be8" - }, - { - "title": "Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "c75baee2-7a4c-4fd8-9b3f-cc662d0f1c18" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "f7e736fa-1a24-4328-8b10-766eb9564a12" - }, - { - "title": "Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "6ea17531-6954-4072-a908-729a7bb1df06" - }, - { - "title": "Ring-Enhancing Lesions", - "docid": "3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52" - }, - { - "title": "Signal/Attenuation Abnormalities of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "578bd09b-da74-43a2-b068-2d4854a61254" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "9e6f5082-8485-4f7d-8729-663ef9289d01" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_d314f5f7-21b6-46d1-a51c-e796cacc012c", - "title": "Venous Infarction", - "docid": "d314f5f7-21b6-46d1-a51c-e796cacc012c", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Subacute Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_552b58e6-aa5e-49b4-b9aa-e0413c07bf3c", - "title": "Encephalitis/Cerebritis", - "docid": "552b58e6-aa5e-49b4-b9aa-e0413c07bf3c", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Subacute Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/aortic-arch-and-great-vessels_a7a252f0-2ac6-402a-8c87-cfce8adc799b.md", - "title": "Aortic Arch and Great Vessels", - "docid": "a7a252f0-2ac6-402a-8c87-cfce8adc799b", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Extracranial Arteries", - "Aortic Arch and Great Vessels" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Extracranial Arteries, Aortic Arch and Great Vessels", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Primary Arteritis of CNS)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Aortic arch (AA); brachiocephalic trunk (BCT)\n - Right common carotid arteries (RCCA)\n - Left common carotid arteries (LCCA)\n - Right subclavian arteries (RSCA)\n - Left subclavian arteries (LSCA)\n - Congenital heart disease (CHD)\n- ### ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/anterior-cerebral-artery_1da0f3ae-7858-4ad7-bc22-ea2a245a4214.md", - "title": "Anterior Cerebral Artery", - "docid": "1da0f3ae-7858-4ad7-bc22-ea2a245a4214", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Intracranial Arteries", - "Anterior Cerebral Artery" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Intracranial Arteries, Anterior Cerebral Artery", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Primary Arteritis of CNS)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)\n\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Smaller, more medial terminal branch of supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA)\n - 3 segments\n - Horizontal or precommunicating (**A1**) segment\n - Ve...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/posterior-cerebral-artery_7bad3118-2ae8-4727-8f8d-fd8175c4e8c2.md", - "title": "Posterior Cerebral Artery", - "docid": "7bad3118-2ae8-4727-8f8d-fd8175c4e8c2", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Intracranial Arteries", - "Posterior Cerebral Artery" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Intracranial Arteries, Posterior Cerebral Artery", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Primary Arteritis of CNS)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)\n - Posterior communicating artery (PCoA)\n - Basilar artery (BA)\n - Internal carotid artery (ICA)\n\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Main BA terminal branches = 2 PCAs\n - 4 segments\n - Pre...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/middle-cerebral-artery_5658d6a5-aa61-4c8a-a6c7-a8d5aa5c41c4.md", - "title": "Middle Cerebral Artery", - "docid": "5658d6a5-aa61-4c8a-a6c7-a8d5aa5c41c4", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Intracranial Arteries", - "Middle Cerebral Artery" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - }, - { - "key": "095c34cb-da44-4830-98c9-7e1a24bdda5b", - "value": "Edward P. Quigley, III, MD, PhD" - }, - { - "key": "afaec833-e997-49c4-8eab-e28310c6c2bf", - "value": "Adriene C. Eastaway, MD, MS" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Intracranial Arteries, Middle Cerebral Artery", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Primary Arteritis of CNS)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Middle cerebral artery (MCA)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - Sylvian (lateral cerebral) fissure\n - Insula (island of Reil)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Opercula = parts of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes that \"overhang\" and \"enclose\" sylvian fiss...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_397752a7-6998-4375-8090-e097d775d180", - "title": "Vasospasm", - "docid": "397752a7-6998-4375-8090-e097d775d180", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Primary Arteritis of CNS)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_9afdbab5-a2c4-41a6-a463-41e907f753b1", - "title": "Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma", - "docid": "9afdbab5-a2c4-41a6-a463-41e907f753b1", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Primary Arteritis of CNS)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/accessory-nerve-cnxi_9d50453e-c26a-46a3-826e-265736e43174.md", - "title": "Accessory Nerve (CNXI)", - "docid": "9d50453e-c26a-46a3-826e-265736e43174", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Skull Base and Cranial Nerves", - "Accessory Nerve (CNXI)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "331a2dea-c845-43ff-8bca-cea47b6251f2", - "value": "Siddhartha Gaddamanugu, MD" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Skull Base and Cranial Nerves, Accessory Nerve (CNXI)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Accessory nerve (CNXI)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - 11th cranial nerve (CN)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - CNXI: Pure motor CN, supplying sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles (through spinal component) and palatal, pharyngeal, laryngeal muscles (throug...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/glossopharyngeal-nerve-cnix_172680f5-d290-4a02-b07e-63c1da75e148.md", - "title": "Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)", - "docid": "172680f5-d290-4a02-b07e-63c1da75e148", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Skull Base and Cranial Nerves", - "Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "30274529-c61b-4267-94db-736fecd85af3", - "value": "Aparna Singhal, MD" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Skull Base and Cranial Nerves, Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - 9th cranial nerve\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Mixed nerve with complex functions\n - Taste & sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue\n - Sensory nerve to middle ear & pharynx\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/hypoglossal-nerve-cnxii_71012f02-fab7-42ed-bc60-e584dc229ccb.md", - "title": "Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)", - "docid": "71012f02-fab7-42ed-bc60-e584dc229ccb", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Skull Base and Cranial Nerves", - "Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "30274529-c61b-4267-94db-736fecd85af3", - "value": "Aparna Singhal, MD" - }, - { - "key": "b0a6efa4-ad68-430c-b5da-f5c904adf809", - "value": "Ryan P. Cabeen, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Skull Base and Cranial Nerves, Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - 12th cranial nerve\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - CNXII: Motor nerve supplying intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles\n\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Motor cranial nerve to intrinsic ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/vagus-nerve-cnx_68b6ede4-c797-4d55-8d29-aed3df441741.md", - "title": "Vagus Nerve (CNX)", - "docid": "68b6ede4-c797-4d55-8d29-aed3df441741", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Skull Base and Cranial Nerves", - "Vagus Nerve (CNX)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "30274529-c61b-4267-94db-736fecd85af3", - "value": "Aparna Singhal, MD" - }, - { - "key": "b0a6efa4-ad68-430c-b5da-f5c904adf809", - "value": "Ryan P. Cabeen, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Skull Base and Cranial Nerves, Vagus Nerve (CNX)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Vagus nerve (CNX)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - CNX: Longest and one of most complex cranial nerves (CN) with diverse functions, including parasympathetic (PS) innervation of neck, thoracic and abdominal viscera\n - Involved in autonomic regulation ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/carotid-space_627bdee1-4bde-46f2-b93d-958882586337.md", - "title": "Carotid Space", - "docid": "627bdee1-4bde-46f2-b93d-958882586337", + "path": "docs_md/articles/cniv-trochlear-nerve_52486223-9cb5-43f5-b9af-c46431ae6637.md", + "title": "CNIV (Trochlear Nerve)", + "docid": "52486223-9cb5-43f5-b9af-c46431ae6637", "breadcrumbs": [ "Head and Neck", "Anatomy", - "Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck", - "Carotid Space" + "Cranial Nerves", + "CNIV (Trochlear Nerve)" ], "authors": [ { "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD" }, - { - "key": "33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915", - "value": "H. Ric Harnsberger, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck, Carotid Space", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Carotid space (CS)\n - Suprahyoid neck (SHN); infrahyoid neck (IHN)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - Poststyloid parapharyngeal space (PPS) in SHN\n - Real PPS, a.k.a. prestyloid PPS\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Paired, tubular spaces surrounded ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cnix-glossopharyngeal-nerve_2e74a767-3f28-49be-a50f-1dbcc10ce90f.md", - "title": "CNIX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)", - "docid": "2e74a767-3f28-49be-a50f-1dbcc10ce90f", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Anatomy", - "Cranial Nerves", - "CNIX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "30274529-c61b-4267-94db-736fecd85af3", - "value": "Aparna Singhal, MD" - }, - { - "key": "33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915", - "value": "H. Ric Harnsberger, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Cranial Nerves, CNIX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - 9th cranial nerve, CN9\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Mixed nerve with complex functions\n - Taste & sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue\n - Sensory nerve to middle ear & pharynx...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cnxi-accessory-nerve_18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2.md", - "title": "CNXI (Accessory Nerve)", - "docid": "18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Anatomy", - "Cranial Nerves", - "CNXI (Accessory Nerve)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "6013f8cc-4944-4129-a1fe-6af055868136", - "value": "Thomas Jose Eluvathingal Muttikkal, MD" - }, - { - "key": "33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915", - "value": "H. Ric Harnsberger, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Cranial Nerves, CNXI (Accessory Nerve)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Accessory nerve (CNXI)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - 11th cranial nerve (CN), CN11\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - CNXI: Pure motor CN, supplying sternocleidomastoid (SCM), trapezius muscles (through spinal component) and palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cnxii-hypoglossal-nerve_f734d678-561c-47fd-afb5-dab6afacc1a8.md", - "title": "CNXII (Hypoglossal Nerve)", - "docid": "f734d678-561c-47fd-afb5-dab6afacc1a8", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Anatomy", - "Cranial Nerves", - "CNXII (Hypoglossal Nerve)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "30274529-c61b-4267-94db-736fecd85af3", - "value": "Aparna Singhal, MD" - }, - { - "key": "33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915", - "value": "H. Ric Harnsberger, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Cranial Nerves, CNXII (Hypoglossal Nerve)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - 12th cranial nerve, CN12\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Motor nerve supplying intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles\n\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Motor cranial nerve to intrinsic a...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cnx-vagus-nerve_83868689-c995-4608-bed3-f59664cbd586.md", - "title": "CNX (Vagus Nerve)", - "docid": "83868689-c995-4608-bed3-f59664cbd586", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Anatomy", - "Cranial Nerves", - "CNX (Vagus Nerve)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "30274529-c61b-4267-94db-736fecd85af3", - "value": "Aparna Singhal, MD" - }, - { - "key": "33151213-01b2-4542-9105-342e006b3915", - "value": "H. Ric Harnsberger, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Cranial Nerves, CNX (Vagus Nerve)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Vagus nerve (CNX)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - CN10\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - CNX: Longest & one of most complex cranial nerves (CNs) with complex functions, including parasympathetic (PS) innervation of neck, thoracic & abdominal viscera\n - Invo...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/acute-subdural-hematoma_06930a44-3a5e-460c-84b3-6a0ea4468037.md", - "title": "Acute Subdural Hematoma", - "docid": "06930a44-3a5e-460c-84b3-6a0ea4468037", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Trauma", - "Primary Effects of CNS Trauma", - "Acute Subdural Hematoma" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "cdbaaa96-a7b4-4498-a355-a2823a7d9e26", - "value": "Kelly A. Dahlstrom, DO" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Trauma, Primary Effects of CNS Trauma, Acute Subdural Hematoma", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Acute blood in/between inner border cell layer of dura, arachnoid\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - NECT as initial screening study\n - Use both bone, soft tissue algorithms\n - Use both standard brain, wide windows (150 HU)\n - Coronal, s...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Empyema: Peripheral enhancement, hyperintensity on FLAIR; restricted diffusion on DWI", - "docid": "3cfdee44-dcb3-4f48-bc1b-e528a0eeec59" - }, - { - "title": "Epidural Hematoma", - "docid": "6a81f77d-3a9d-42ba-9088-7187fcd602c3" - }, - { - "title": "Intracranial hypotension", - "docid": "6765f123-04be-4634-beb5-216838f5ca6b" - }, - { - "title": "Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "docid": "1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/dural-sinus-lesion-general_2fbd9762-23d0-40cb-868f-ff7ef3304264.md", - "title": "Dural Sinus Lesion, General", - "docid": "2fbd9762-23d0-40cb-868f-ff7ef3304264", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Skull Base", - "Anatomically Based Differentials", - "Dural Sinus Lesion, General" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "0672a616-96fb-43e8-809b-8be5d0b3b476", - "value": "Luke N. Ledbetter, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Skull Base, Anatomically Based Differentials, Dural Sinus Lesion, General", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Includes generic lesions affecting **all**dural venous sinuses\n - Cavernous sinus (CS) unique because of contents, proximity to skull base\n - Has diagnoses (e.g., perineural metastasis, aneurysm, schwann...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/meckel-cave-lesion_9c5ce268-caf8-4d2a-9735-9b415ad3c9c3.md", - "title": "Meckel Cave Lesion", - "docid": "9c5ce268-caf8-4d2a-9735-9b415ad3c9c3", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Skull Base", - "Anatomically Based Differentials", - "Meckel Cave Lesion" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "26ebc2e8-e4f7-40ee-8f5c-d23fe383e15c", - "value": "Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Skull Base, Anatomically Based Differentials, Meckel Cave Lesion", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Normal Meckel cave (MC)\n - Anatomy\n - CSF-filled, duraarachnoid-lined invagination into cavernous sinus (CS)\n - Contains CNV fascicles, semilunar ganglion\n - Com...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/parenchymal-metastases_2cf0bd40-4597-4c0b-83e4-74340304b98f.md", - "title": "Parenchymal Metastases", - "docid": "2cf0bd40-4597-4c0b-83e4-74340304b98f", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Neoplasms", - "Metastatic Tumors", - "Parenchymal Metastases" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Neoplasms, Metastatic Tumors, Parenchymal Metastases", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Secondary brain tumors (metastases) arise from\n - Tumors outside CNS spreading to CNS\n - Usually via hematogenous dissemination\n - Primary CNS neoplasms spreading from one site to another\n - Usually geog...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Sella, Pituitary, and Cavernous Sinus", - "docid": "98f756c9-dac9-4568-bee5-42fe5be53f32" - }, - { - "title": "Pia and Perivascular Spaces", - "docid": "aade2e69-4af2-432e-8324-b4f0121d66d7" - }, - { - "title": "White Matter Tracts", - "docid": "846101a2-e892-4c70-9a32-c9fa887d073a" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Ventricles and Choroid Plexus", - "docid": "e00c86e1-f0b9-4b88-9184-c22d8dd927d8" - }, - { - "title": "Cavernous Sinus", - "docid": "2a0f0fa0-b60c-4a90-82de-9d78bdf42463" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Glioblastoma", - "docid": "45c3147e-3a1b-4fbf-a626-ed6e99a02ac2" - }, - { - "title": "1° CNS Lymphoma", - "docid": "383f7bff-10a1-40d9-9a8b-bfabd1288520" - }, - { - "title": "Abscess", - "docid": "8c199d8a-99c4-4087-82e4-a54d5d80ec1e" - }, - { - "title": "Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions", - "docid": "6dfc36d2-a561-49d5-a391-e740ba94e5d7" - }, - { - "title": "Multiple Sclerosis", - "docid": "abe95a5e-394f-411b-aca6-72ab160a1d0d" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "a3471e6e-e922-4533-84cc-862e51db6c86" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "58b32fb2-78a3-48c1-9aaf-5222667fe59f" - }, - { - "title": "Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult", - "docid": "9d6bcceb-36a2-4f49-a5b2-1dd076541be8" - }, - { - "title": "Ring-Enhancing Lesions", - "docid": "3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/drug-abuse_48859403-0b26-44d8-ba74-e0919e4c3147.md", - "title": "Drug Abuse", - "docid": "48859403-0b26-44d8-ba74-e0919e4c3147", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations", - "Drug Abuse" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "1fa14dfd-71ea-4960-908e-e720313bc63a", - "value": "Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD" - }, - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Drug Abuse", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Many drugs (prescription, illicit, or street) have adverse CNS effects\n - Illicit drug use often causes cerebrovascular disease\n - Amphetamines, cocaine > opioids, cannabis\n - Polydrug abuse (including EtOH) is common\n - Nitrous ox...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage", - "docid": "15aa4f01-2d4b-45ee-a1d4-8a079150569d" - }, - { - "title": "Miscellaneous Vasculitis", - "docid": "221f737a-6bfa-4331-b296-402e40973f7e" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_cc2415f4-75a6-458d-800e-be31b3cf50c3", - "title": "Vascular Malformation", - "docid": "cc2415f4-75a6-458d-800e-be31b3cf50c3", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/abnormal-shape-configuration-of-corpus-callosum_238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856.md", - "title": "Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Brain", - "Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "47381de4-c9fd-4999-8dd0-1808cd72db6b", - "value": "Luke L. Linscott, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Differential Diagnosis, Brain, Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "\n# ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ## Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical features to consider\n - Normal corpus callosum (CC) varies in thickness & shape\n - Associated anomalies portend worse prognosis\n - If not congenital anomaly, clinical history is crucial\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cerebral-hemispheres-overview_7006e397-5012-4027-aff8-e8d7158166ee.md", - "title": "Cerebral Hemispheres Overview", - "docid": "7006e397-5012-4027-aff8-e8d7158166ee", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Supratentorial Brain Anatomy", - "Cerebral Hemispheres Overview" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Supratentorial Brain Anatomy, Cerebral Hemispheres Overview", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hydranencephaly)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Gyri: Complex convolutions of brain cortex\n - Sulci (fissure): CSF-filled grooves or clefts that separate gyri\n - Operculae: Parts of frontal, temporal, parietal lobes that overhang/enclose insula\n\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Cerebral Hemispheres\n \n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/limbic-system_f2a117ed-9429-441d-baa0-5e99e05722ac.md", - "title": "Limbic System", - "docid": "f2a117ed-9429-441d-baa0-5e99e05722ac", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Supratentorial Brain Anatomy", - "Limbic System" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "00279799-953b-49c0-b072-7b0ed0ac3122", - "value": "Farshid Sepehrband, PhD, MS, BS" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Supratentorial Brain Anatomy, Limbic System", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Hydranencephaly)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Limbic lobe\n - Phylogenetically older cortex\n - Fewer layers than neocortex\n - Major role in memory, olfaction, emotion\n - Composed of subcallosal, cingulate, parahippocampal gyri + hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subicul...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_1bec8ee3-0ffc-4d3a-9cb8-d1dadbce2878", - "title": "Alobar Holoprosencephaly", - "docid": "1bec8ee3-0ffc-4d3a-9cb8-d1dadbce2878", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Hydranencephaly)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_8e4d8e67-4878-4cf2-a640-602fce63655c", - "title": "Severe Bilateral Open-Lip Schizencephaly", - "docid": "8e4d8e67-4878-4cf2-a640-602fce63655c", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Hydranencephaly)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/maple-syrup-urine-disease_3a260d42-504b-4e53-bb38-a0df76b3670b.md", - "title": "Maple Syrup Urine Disease", - "docid": "3a260d42-504b-4e53-bb38-a0df76b3670b", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Organic and Aminoacidopathies", - "Maple Syrup Urine Disease" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "99e1aff7-f42c-43a0-95ae-d89c8551aa01", - "value": "Kevin R. Moore, MD" - }, - { - "key": "e8af6d26-3aad-47c9-9083-5128aab09af2", - "value": "Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Organic and Aminoacidopathies, Maple Syrup Urine Disease", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)\n - Inherited disorder of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - MR with DWI best, but CT can make diagnosis in critically ill infant\n - NECT (early): Diffuse edema **not** sparing...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "White Matter Tracts", - "docid": "846101a2-e892-4c70-9a32-c9fa887d073a" - }, - { - "title": "Basal Ganglia", - "docid": "a9de3815-ec59-4c78-adf0-94974065a7e3" - }, - { - "title": "Thalamus", - "docid": "b7f0cd6b-4ba2-4ed4-8dd0-5ca56d9ae92b" - }, - { - "title": "Other Deep Gray Nuclei", - "docid": "aba59a23-3d05-4ef5-a004-fc928a7c40d6" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Brainstem Overview", - "docid": "bf889ffb-646b-429d-8699-d9bd34e8e193" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebellar Overview", - "docid": "b624e76f-15b9-4c1f-910e-8f5581ac2cfe" - }, - { - "title": "Midbrain", - "docid": "628d8588-6898-45ba-b946-1702bcce1366" - }, - { - "title": "Pons", - "docid": "fc185efd-1f7a-4804-95f6-a49d0fa8aefb" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebellum", - "docid": "277bd2bc-3694-4712-a040-f69956b0b4ff" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - }, - { - "title": "Anatomy Document", - "docid": "931a002c-9dcc-4b1a-81ac-a55c418aee32" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Alexander disease: Abnormal signal and enhancement of brainstem and aqueduct", - "docid": "1a4b8c40-7e0f-4947-b43c-05e8a170a452" - }, - { - "title": "Vanishing white matter: Findings are persistent", - "docid": "ca72e9a3-1a59-48c8-940c-34167e9eef64" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "be3a8424-1c73-446e-88b1-15a7c659eee9" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/kernicterus_1c0c7b6a-574a-4dcc-bfe9-9b0530b14386.md", - "title": "Kernicterus", - "docid": "1c0c7b6a-574a-4dcc-bfe9-9b0530b14386", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations", - "Kernicterus" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "99e1aff7-f42c-43a0-95ae-d89c8551aa01", - "value": "Kevin R. Moore, MD" - }, - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", - "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Kernicterus", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Kernicterus or bilirubin encephalopathy: Pathologic bilirubin staining of basal ganglia, brainstem, and hippocampi associated with hyperbilirubinemia\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Acute: ↑ T1 signal in globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nuclei (STN), hippocamp...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury", - "docid": "e3e9538d-fac5-4a1f-8c7a-c989c692ff39" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_af0be376-e7f1-420b-b09d-0a5d636ac628", - "title": "Hypoglycemia", - "docid": "af0be376-e7f1-420b-b09d-0a5d636ac628", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/torch-infections_3b509e1c-83cf-4793-8307-e0afa70781ce.md", - "title": "TORCH Infections", - "docid": "3b509e1c-83cf-4793-8307-e0afa70781ce", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Diagnosis", - "Brain", - "Metabolic, Infectious, and Inflammatory Disorders", - "TORCH Infections" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "838e1722-2479-4fbd-a5fe-d965980a1a2c", - "value": "Blaise V. Jones, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Diagnosis, Brain, Metabolic, Infectious, and Inflammatory Disorders, TORCH Infections", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - TORCH/TORCHES: Acronym for congenital infections caused by transplacental transmission of pathogens\n - **T**oxoplasmosis (toxo) → *Toxoplasma gondii*\n - **O**ther (Zika → Zika virus)\n - **R**ubella → rubella virus\n - **...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Tuberous Sclerosis", - "docid": "be507b69-ef34-4ad7-b891-fc3652d51176" - }, - { - "title": "Neurocysticercosis", - "docid": "d518dff8-cc30-46e5-8894-3926e6b987cf" - }, - { - "title": "Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy With Subcortical Cysts", - "docid": "579b64e3-ef6c-494b-8e26-9c79e6ace6aa" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_a45f63bb-c25b-481d-a001-9c520c58060b", - "title": "Acute Encephalitis", - "docid": "a45f63bb-c25b-481d-a001-9c520c58060b", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_40004435-b768-4baf-a31e-651f8a174fe2", - "title": "Mitochondrial Encephalopathies", - "docid": "40004435-b768-4baf-a31e-651f8a174fe2", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/acute-hypertensive-encephalopathy-pres_efc6f9c2-dad9-4eb8-bad2-421bfaf1ec57.md", - "title": "Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES", - "docid": "efc6f9c2-dad9-4eb8-bad2-421bfaf1ec57", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Diagnosis", - "Pediatric Neuroradiology", - "Brain", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "47381de4-c9fd-4999-8dd0-1808cd72db6b", - "value": "Luke L. Linscott, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Diagnosis, Pediatric Neuroradiology, Brain, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Cerebrovascular autoregulatory disorder\n - Many etiologies with HTN as common component\n - Glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, sepsis\n - Drug toxicity (e.g., chemotherapy, cyclosporine)\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - General\n - P...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "7a3ed4a9-ae05-4d64-ae8e-6a30105501e1" - }, - { - "title": "Encephalitis", - "docid": "c2e7e8a3-254a-48b4-8187-bfffaf95407a" - }, - { - "title": "ADEM, Brain", - "docid": "ed94b660-cf20-4ebb-8d6f-2b93505f2928" - }, - { - "title": "Status Epilepticus", - "docid": "bb0430ba-9933-40b4-a95b-97ca85070486" - }, - { - "title": "Hypoglycemia", - "docid": "bd221c1a-5b9c-4213-a0e1-df38acc3bd62" - }, - { - "title": "Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome", - "docid": "c3a19be2-1f91-4dcb-b63a-cbfdaeaca5c1" - }, - { - "title": "Intracranial Hemorrhage", - "docid": "3a9cbed6-aa2c-45a0-88bf-b39f1523ee85" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_88524348-177d-4b8f-8029-5d065a2349f0", - "title": "Mitochondrial Encephalopathies", - "docid": "88524348-177d-4b8f-8029-5d065a2349f0", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_1a126429-d4c6-4bbf-9181-1a6e0093e5f9", - "title": "Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis", - "docid": "1a126429-d4c6-4bbf-9181-1a6e0093e5f9", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_8656e127-afc7-4bca-82dc-589d0a9b5093", - "title": "Group B Strep Meningitis", - "docid": "8656e127-afc7-4bca-82dc-589d0a9b5093", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_5a4d4cbd-67e3-4722-8a44-8d411cbb98f0", - "title": "Large Vessel Inflammatory Vasculitis", - "docid": "5a4d4cbd-67e3-4722-8a44-8d411cbb98f0", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Moyamoya)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_8d21d962-9c43-47bd-b995-c73f20e46b47", - "title": "Cerebral Arterial Atherosclerosis", - "docid": "8d21d962-9c43-47bd-b995-c73f20e46b47", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Moyamoya)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/status-epilepticus_a058b733-4b80-46a1-8097-d68685ecf921.md", - "title": "Status Epilepticus", - "docid": "a058b733-4b80-46a1-8097-d68685ecf921", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations", - "Status Epilepticus" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Status Epilepticus", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome)" - ], - "snippet": "\n# KEY FACTS\n\n- ## Terminology\n \n \n - Seizure with ≥ 5 minutes continuous clinical &/or electrographic seizure activity, or recurrent seizure activity without recovery between seizures\n - Synonyms: Transient seizure-related MR changes, reversible postictal cerebral edema\n- ## Imaging\n \n \n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Default Mode Network", - "docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367" - }, - { - "title": "Attention Control Network", - "docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic Network", - "docid": "e1a20b61-b2c1-44c5-ba04-59843855bfef" - }, - { - "title": "Memory Overview", - "docid": "40e2e25f-421b-4653-94e3-641b09b47e4d" - }, - { - "title": "Social Brain Anatomy", - "docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebral Hemispheres Overview", - "docid": "7006e397-5012-4027-aff8-e8d7158166ee" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic System", - "docid": "f2a117ed-9429-441d-baa0-5e99e05722ac" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "a405285f-aaea-43ca-8dc4-6f8120eaabc1" - }, - { - "title": "Herpes Encephalitis", - "docid": "6bbe5645-2178-411e-871e-8878d244f482" - }, - { - "title": "Mesial Temporal Sclerosis", - "docid": "3861ee73-c82c-49f2-a60f-8fd08f7e6165" - }, - { - "title": "Vasculitis", - "docid": "5a4d4cbd-67e3-4722-8a44-8d411cbb98f0" - }, - { - "title": "Multiple Sclerosis", - "docid": "7892b2a2-f52a-4d7f-9858-a326f2b7ab04" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/acute-hypertensive-encephalopathy-pres_890c1bd4-c108-49a1-8557-c8c701a7f278.md", - "title": "Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES", - "docid": "890c1bd4-c108-49a1-8557-c8c701a7f278", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations", - "Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome)" - ], - "snippet": "\n# KEY FACTS\n\n- ## Terminology\n \n \n - Cerebrovascular autoregulatory disorder\n - Many etiologies with HTN as common component\n - Preeclampsia, eclampsia\n - Drug toxicity (e.g., chemotherapy)\n - Uremic encephalopathies\n- ## Imaging\n \n \n - General\n - Pa...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "a405285f-aaea-43ca-8dc4-6f8120eaabc1" - }, - { - "title": "Hypoglycemia", - "docid": "38e4de6e-07c4-485e-bac1-f4dd4815b3b8" - }, - { - "title": "Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome", - "docid": "e5d89e00-aaa7-4809-8d9b-82c0f89d5d01" - }, - { - "title": "Status Epilepticus", - "docid": "a058b733-4b80-46a1-8097-d68685ecf921" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome", - "docid": "e66febb9-d79e-4f04-88b1-205ba8a0822f" - }, - { - "title": "Intracranial Hemorrhage", - "docid": "3a9cbed6-aa2c-45a0-88bf-b39f1523ee85" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/intracranial-internal-carotid-artery_7e9c58f7-6ba0-41e2-a363-43299fac430e.md", - "title": "Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery", - "docid": "7e9c58f7-6ba0-41e2-a363-43299fac430e", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Intracranial Arteries", - "Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Intracranial Arteries, Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Moyamoya)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Internal carotid artery (ICA)\n - Ophthalmic artery (OA)\n - Cavernous sinus (CS)\n\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Complex course with several vertical/horizontal segments, 3 genus (1 petrous, 2 cavernous)\n - 6 intracranial segment...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/transcranial-doppler_914fd68b-ddab-4640-bcc4-883c425d13f8.md", - "title": "Transcranial Doppler", - "docid": "914fd68b-ddab-4640-bcc4-883c425d13f8", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Ultrasound", - "Anatomy", - "Brain and Spine", - "Transcranial Doppler" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "2a5e84a9-1a3f-42a4-b5ae-d081e54c8a55", - "value": "Stella Sin Yee Ho, RDMS, RVT, PhD" - }, - { - "key": "944c1fa1-404a-4d64-a8fd-ea6184a7c876", - "value": "Deyond Y. W. Siu, MBChB, FRCR" - }, - { - "key": "961f3a7f-ad62-43bc-98f4-5116b17ab812", - "value": "Paula J. Woodward, MD, FSRU" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Ultrasound, Anatomy, Brain and Spine, Transcranial Doppler", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Moyamoya)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - **Carotid arteries**\n - Common carotid (CCA); internal carotid (ICA)\n - **Cerebral arteries**\n - Anterior (ACA); middle (MCA); posterior (PCA)\n - **Communicating arteries**\n - Anterior (ACoA); posterior (PCoA)\n - **...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/normal-aging-brain_7a76b1cd-006d-4bb5-9528-8634be8c88d6.md", - "title": "Normal Aging Brain", - "docid": "7a76b1cd-006d-4bb5-9528-8634be8c88d6", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Dementias and Degenerative Disorders", - "Normal Aging Brain" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Dementias and Degenerative Disorders, Normal Aging Brain", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Arteriolosclerosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - ↓ overall brain volume with advancing age\n - Reflected in relative ↑ CSF spaces\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Broad spectrum of \"normal\" on imaging in older adults\n - \"Successfully aging brain\"\n - Smooth, thin, periventricular, high signa...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Default Mode Network", - "docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebral Hemispheres Overview", - "docid": "7006e397-5012-4027-aff8-e8d7158166ee" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic System", - "docid": "f2a117ed-9429-441d-baa0-5e99e05722ac" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367" - }, - { - "title": "Attention Control Network", - "docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f" - }, - { - "title": "Social Brain Anatomy", - "docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Alzheimer Disease", - "docid": "aa75d198-88b8-45c2-8a35-750631009166" - }, - { - "title": "Sporadic Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy", - "docid": "04ea59bd-ea30-4858-a2f8-f3ab0906ac8f" - }, - { - "title": "Vascular Dementia", - "docid": "20864adf-5e46-4fbf-ba27-e8e30fa6506f" - }, - { - "title": "Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration", - "docid": "596be24d-885f-40ed-832e-2de041f974f5" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/multiple-sclerosis_abe95a5e-394f-411b-aca6-72ab160a1d0d.md", - "title": "Multiple Sclerosis", - "docid": "abe95a5e-394f-411b-aca6-72ab160a1d0d", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases", - "Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease", - "Multiple Sclerosis" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "1fa14dfd-71ea-4960-908e-e720313bc63a", - "value": "Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD" - }, - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases, Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease, Multiple Sclerosis", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Arteriolosclerosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Multiple perpendicular callososeptal T2 hyperintensities characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS)\n - Perivenular extension: \"Dawson fingers\"\n - Bilateral, ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "White Matter Tracts", - "docid": "846101a2-e892-4c70-9a32-c9fa887d073a" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "1edc42e3-5c31-42b9-b8b8-44cc3bd38432" - }, - { - "title": "Olfactory Nerve (CNI)", - "docid": "c4a6920b-a112-4a51-921f-60d2f0a479ef" - }, - { - "title": "Optic Nerve (CNII)", - "docid": "54712d62-1940-4028-8161-4cfd3c4dbb20" - }, - { - "title": "Oculomotor Nerve (CNIII)", - "docid": "495aba11-106f-439d-8516-6a445b085919" - }, - { - "title": "Trochlear Nerve (CNIV)", - "docid": "cc69e654-b9cd-465b-8437-fba44f3c034b" - }, - { - "title": "Abducens Nerve (CNVI)", - "docid": "655e63da-d744-4267-9d90-07f52493bbc0" - }, - { - "title": "Facial Nerve (CNVII)", - "docid": "2f4818dd-6438-405b-8561-5cbbb9c91562" - }, - { - "title": "Anatomy Document", - "docid": "fdb933e1-ce0c-4f99-9ddb-cbe5f3b0f015" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "170ad135-ca16-497a-80de-5a24b9ca2f47" - }, - { - "title": "CNI (Olfactory Nerve)", - "docid": "54c329dd-8363-4b61-9af3-bf78909ea790" - }, - { - "title": "CNII (Optic Nerve)", - "docid": "1b5322bb-bdca-4605-9ab5-43598b5c322f" - }, - { - "title": "CNIII (Oculomotor Nerve)", - "docid": "ad21daaf-1f28-4f9c-bc74-3d0142c167ab" - }, - { - "title": "CNIV (Trochlear Nerve)", - "docid": "52486223-9cb5-43f5-b9af-c46431ae6637" - }, - { - "title": "CNV (Trigeminal Nerve)", - "docid": "9db87cfa-58ff-45fd-a7fd-fe8c73eb9770" - }, - { - "title": "CNVI (Abducens Nerve)", - "docid": "923d7c4a-93a3-42ba-b8db-c7b15348e473" - }, - { - "title": "CNVII (Facial Nerve)", - "docid": "98cb2d45-e64c-4295-9662-3470cd46513a" - }, - { - "title": "Accessory Nerve (CNXI)", - "docid": "9d50453e-c26a-46a3-826e-265736e43174" - }, - { - "title": "Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)", - "docid": "172680f5-d290-4a02-b07e-63c1da75e148" - }, - { - "title": "Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)", - "docid": "71012f02-fab7-42ed-bc60-e584dc229ccb" - }, - { - "title": "Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)", - "docid": "06e99da6-48fc-45f4-a571-97d12a15f365" - }, - { - "title": "Vagus Nerve (CNX)", - "docid": "68b6ede4-c797-4d55-8d29-aed3df441741" - }, - { - "title": "Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CNVIII)", - "docid": "498e844d-faca-4c6a-bff1-9c6ad4993e62" - }, - { - "title": "CNIX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)", - "docid": "2e74a767-3f28-49be-a50f-1dbcc10ce90f" - }, - { - "title": "CNVIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)", - 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}, - { - "title": "Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)", - "docid": "e20e1ef7-13f4-4e23-8387-dd3de6721bfe" - }, - { - "title": "Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "238ca32d-6bc6-4f5a-81b1-6601dd605856" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "2b17f148-bf71-4b13-8373-d3c65459dd67" - }, - { - "title": "Enhancing Cranial Nerve(s)", - "docid": "6471fb1c-d46d-47cd-8322-1671e82335c3" - }, - { - "title": "Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "docid": "1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "58b32fb2-78a3-48c1-9aaf-5222667fe59f" - }, - { - "title": "Ring-Enhancing Lesions", - "docid": "3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52" - }, - { - "title": "Signal/Attenuation Abnormalities of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "578bd09b-da74-43a2-b068-2d4854a61254" - }, - { - "title": "Trigeminal Neuralgia", - "docid": "294f4a67-30d6-4488-bd1a-931d1f8c7609" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "50022134-773c-4771-b07d-4d64c6c2dbe5" - }, - { - "title": "Hemifacial Spasm", - "docid": "1b390143-1212-4447-beb3-ed9e85ef34e4" - }, - { - "title": "Peripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis", - "docid": "4da52ac4-c03c-4711-ae7e-bb4f2f7c5ab8" - }, - { - "title": "Trigeminal Neuropathy", - "docid": "6d668284-4c8e-4a14-90b6-c7abf86065e6" - }, - { - "title": "Vocal Cord Paralysis (Right)", - "docid": "b8a07cab-5427-4efe-b55d-2460fec053db" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/vascular-dementia_20864adf-5e46-4fbf-ba27-e8e30fa6506f.md", - "title": "Vascular Dementia", - "docid": "20864adf-5e46-4fbf-ba27-e8e30fa6506f", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Dementias and Degenerative Disorders", - "Vascular Dementia" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "1fa14dfd-71ea-4960-908e-e720313bc63a", - "value": "Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD" - }, - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Dementias and Degenerative Disorders, Vascular Dementia", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Arteriolosclerosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Vascular dementia (VaD), multiinfarct dementia (MID), vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)\n - Stepwise progressive ↓ in cognitive function\n - Heterogeneous group of disorders with varying etiologies, pathologic subtypes\n - VaD often mixed et...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Default Mode Network", - "docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434" - }, - { - "title": "Basal Ganglia", - "docid": "a9de3815-ec59-4c78-adf0-94974065a7e3" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic System", - "docid": "f2a117ed-9429-441d-baa0-5e99e05722ac" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367" - }, - { - "title": "Attention Control Network", - "docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic Network", - "docid": "e1a20b61-b2c1-44c5-ba04-59843855bfef" - }, - { - "title": "Social Brain Anatomy", - "docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca" - }, - { - "title": "Brainstem Overview", - "docid": "bf889ffb-646b-429d-8699-d9bd34e8e193" - }, - { - "title": "Pons", - "docid": "fc185efd-1f7a-4804-95f6-a49d0fa8aefb" - }, - { - "title": "Cerebral Hemispheres Overview", - "docid": "7006e397-5012-4027-aff8-e8d7158166ee" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Alzheimer Disease", - "docid": "aa75d198-88b8-45c2-8a35-750631009166" - }, - { - "title": "Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration", - "docid": "596be24d-885f-40ed-832e-2de041f974f5" - }, - { - "title": "Alcoholic Encephalopathy", - "docid": "92dbfe0f-9412-413d-b4d6-75061942e732" - }, - { - "title": "CADASIL", - "docid": "cd432d21-494c-4410-b608-5b03cc8ada3a" - }, - { - "title": "Dementia With Lewy Bodies", - "docid": "2d268550-c8de-40a6-9843-ee957a904d12" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/enhancing-cranial-nerves_6471fb1c-d46d-47cd-8322-1671e82335c3.md", - "title": "Enhancing Cranial Nerve(s)", - "docid": "6471fb1c-d46d-47cd-8322-1671e82335c3", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Cranial Nerves and Brainstem", - "Generic Imaging Patterns", - "Enhancing Cranial Nerve(s)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "20008105-51da-4bbf-aba6-e8253b2d9c21", - "value": "Daniel E. Meltzer, MD" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Cranial Nerves and Brainstem, Generic Imaging Patterns, Enhancing Cranial Nerve(s)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Arteriolosclerosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Enhancement of cisternal, cavernous sinus cranial nerve (CN) segments always abnormal\n - Which CN(s) are affected\n - Optic nerve: Multiple sclerosis (MS), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) (optic glioma), viral/p...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_8c199d8a-99c4-4087-82e4-a54d5d80ec1e", - "title": "Encephalitis/Cerebritis", - "docid": "8c199d8a-99c4-4087-82e4-a54d5d80ec1e", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Subacute Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/intracranial-hemorrhage_3a9cbed6-aa2c-45a0-88bf-b39f1523ee85.md", - "title": "Intracranial Hemorrhage", - "docid": "3a9cbed6-aa2c-45a0-88bf-b39f1523ee85", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Brain", - "Intracranial Hemorrhage" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "47381de4-c9fd-4999-8dd0-1808cd72db6b", - "value": "Luke L. Linscott, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Differential Diagnosis, Brain, Intracranial Hemorrhage", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Subacute Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical features to consider\n - Age, history of present illness, past medical history\n - Preceding trauma may be obvious [e.g., motor vehicle accident (MVA)] or occult (e.g., child abuse), parti...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/ring-enhancing-lesions_3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52.md", - "title": "Ring-Enhancing Lesions", - "docid": "3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Brain", - "Ring-Enhancing Lesions" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "47381de4-c9fd-4999-8dd0-1808cd72db6b", - "value": "Luke L. Linscott, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Differential Diagnosis, Brain, Ring-Enhancing Lesions", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Subacute Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical features to consider\n - Signs/symptoms of infection help narrow differential\n - Many infections have manifestations outside of CNS\n - CNS metastases are rare in children vs. adults\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_e5d89e00-aaa7-4809-8d9b-82c0f89d5d01", - "title": "Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome, Migraine Headaches", - "docid": "e5d89e00-aaa7-4809-8d9b-82c0f89d5d01", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Vasospasm)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_7fdf69fa-c171-4e6b-b6d7-4e8fc94fdc53", - "title": "Meningitis", - "docid": "7fdf69fa-c171-4e6b-b6d7-4e8fc94fdc53", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Vasospasm)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/herpes-encephalitis-type-1_556f5f76-c20b-44ca-a913-c53b11c93341.md", - "title": "Herpes Encephalitis Type 1", - "docid": "556f5f76-c20b-44ca-a913-c53b11c93341", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Diagnosis", - "Pediatric Neuroradiology", - "Brain", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Infectious Disease", - "Acquired Infections", - "Herpes Encephalitis Type 1" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", - "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Diagnosis, Pediatric Neuroradiology, Brain, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious Disease, Acquired Infections, Herpes Encephalitis Type 1", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - **HSV1** brain infection\n - Typically reactivation in immunocompetent patients\n - **Different from neonatal (HSV2)**herpes encephalitis\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in **mesial temporal, subfrontal, insular, and cingular cortex*...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Other Encephalitides", - "docid": "c2e7e8a3-254a-48b4-8187-bfffaf95407a" - }, - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "7a3ed4a9-ae05-4d64-ae8e-6a30105501e1" - }, - { - "title": "Status Epilepticus", - "docid": "bb0430ba-9933-40b4-a95b-97ca85070486" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic Encephalitis", - "docid": "f94d90d8-17d1-40cf-abad-3fc39d18fad3" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/group-b-streptococcal-meningitis_bafa10c7-e65b-4432-9959-b8e5e4af708c.md", - "title": "Group B Streptococcal Meningitis", - "docid": "bafa10c7-e65b-4432-9959-b8e5e4af708c", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Diagnosis", - "Pediatric Neuroradiology", - "Brain", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Infectious Disease", - "Congenital/Neonatal Infections", - "Group B Streptococcal Meningitis" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", - "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Diagnosis, Pediatric Neuroradiology, Brain, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious Disease, Congenital/Neonatal Infections, Group B Streptococcal Meningitis", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Childhood Stroke)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Group B β-hemolytic streptococcal (GBS) meningitis\n - Leading newborn meningitis cause in developed countries\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Acute: Meningitis, cerebritis, vasculitis, ventriculitis, subdural effusion, empyema, arterial and venous infarction...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Cranial Meninges", - "docid": "3210cf7d-5be6-4741-a11d-dd7f8c1bc286" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic Network", - "docid": "e1a20b61-b2c1-44c5-ba04-59843855bfef" - }, - { - "title": "Basal Ganglia", - "docid": "a9de3815-ec59-4c78-adf0-94974065a7e3" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "TORCH Infections", - "docid": "3b509e1c-83cf-4793-8307-e0afa70781ce" - }, - { - "title": "Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy", - "docid": "92cff1ec-37d9-499c-b871-86d819568dab" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/complex-cranial-nerve-9-12-neuropathy_5f1443a4-b34c-4075-a8d1-d5aa3718348d.md", - "title": "Complex Cranial Nerve 9-12 Neuropathy", - "docid": "5f1443a4-b34c-4075-a8d1-d5aa3718348d", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Cranial Nerves and Brainstem", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Complex Cranial Nerve 9-12 Neuropathy" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "eef2f839-5706-47b9-89c3-60d8315b2b3a", - "value": "Nicholas A. Koontz, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Cranial Nerves and Brainstem, Clinically Based Differentials, Complex Cranial Nerve 9-12 Neuropathy", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Lesions causing injury to CNIX-XII are found anywhere along nerve's course from medulla to end organ\n - CNIX & CNXII remain suprahyoid\n - CNX & CNXI course infrahyoid\n - CNX in carotid s...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/hemifacial-spasm_5b8be233-f227-4365-9e58-df57a7950b29.md", - "title": "Hemifacial Spasm", - "docid": "5b8be233-f227-4365-9e58-df57a7950b29", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Diagnosis", - "CPA-IAC", - "Vascular Lesions", - "Hemifacial Spasm" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "eef2f839-5706-47b9-89c3-60d8315b2b3a", - "value": "Nicholas A. Koontz, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Diagnosis, CPA-IAC, Vascular Lesions, Hemifacial Spasm", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Overall statistics\n - In > 95% of cases, **arterial vascular loop** is cause of hemifacial spasm (HFS)\n - All other causes listed account for < 5% of cases\n - HFS\n - Definition: Segmental myo...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/hemifacial-spasm_1b390143-1212-4447-beb3-ed9e85ef34e4.md", - "title": "Hemifacial Spasm", - "docid": "1b390143-1212-4447-beb3-ed9e85ef34e4", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "CPA-IAC and Posterior Fossa", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Hemifacial Spasm" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "eef2f839-5706-47b9-89c3-60d8315b2b3a", - "value": "Nicholas A. Koontz, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, CPA-IAC and Posterior Fossa, Clinically Based Differentials, Hemifacial Spasm", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n# ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ## Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Overall statistics\n - In > 95% of cases, **arterial vascular loop** is cause of hemifacial spasm (HFS)\n - All other causes listed account for < 5% of cases\n - HFS\n - Definition: Segmental myocl...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/oculomotor-trochlear-or-abducens-neuropathy_01092f4c-ec92-43df-a667-b3ee93b8a268.md", - "title": "Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy", - "docid": "01092f4c-ec92-43df-a667-b3ee93b8a268", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Cranial Nerves and Brainstem", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "eef2f839-5706-47b9-89c3-60d8315b2b3a", - "value": "Nicholas A. Koontz, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Cranial Nerves and Brainstem, Clinically Based Differentials, Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Cranial nerves supply 6 extraocular muscles\n - CNIII: All muscles but superior oblique (CNIV) & lateral rectus (CNVI)\n - CNIII, IV, VI all have brainstem, cisternal, cavernous sinus (CS), & orbital components\n...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/peripheral-facial-nerve-paralysis_cff540e8-4e2c-4cc7-aa46-8e6ca277bb85.md", - "title": "Peripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis", - "docid": "cff540e8-4e2c-4cc7-aa46-8e6ca277bb85", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Temporal Bone", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Peripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "eef2f839-5706-47b9-89c3-60d8315b2b3a", - "value": "Nicholas A. Koontz, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Temporal Bone, Clinically Based Differentials, Peripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Peripheral facial nerve paralysis\n - Definition: Unilateral facial nerve injury between pontine motor nucleus & proximal extracranial facial nerve trunk after it emerges from stylomastoid foramen\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_50022134-773c-4771-b07d-4d64c6c2dbe5", - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "50022134-773c-4771-b07d-4d64c6c2dbe5", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/vocal-cord-paralysis-right_b8a07cab-5427-4efe-b55d-2460fec053db.md", - "title": "Vocal Cord Paralysis (Right)", - "docid": "b8a07cab-5427-4efe-b55d-2460fec053db", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Hypopharynx and Larynx", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Vocal Cord Paralysis (Right)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "07a2c087-6202-49e7-870b-7aa162d18f06", - "value": "Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Hypopharynx and Larynx, Clinically Based Differentials, Vocal Cord Paralysis (Right)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Right vagus nerve (CNX) extends from brainstem nuclei to level of clavicle\n - Right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) arises from CNX anterior to right subclavian artery (SCA), then passes beneath SCA over lung ape...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/homonymous-hemianopsia_1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624.md", - "title": "Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "docid": "1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Cranial Nerves and Brainstem", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Homonymous Hemianopsia" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "e61f84c0-fe96-48cc-8bd4-294dd3bb3ae6", - "value": "Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Cranial Nerves and Brainstem, Clinically Based Differentials, Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical terminology\n - Homonymous hemianopsia (HH) = blindness in ipsilateral 1/2 of visual field\n - Sectoranopia = loss of vision in sector of visual field\n - Incongruous HH = incomplete or as...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/trigeminal-neuralgia_294f4a67-30d6-4488-bd1a-931d1f8c7609.md", - "title": "Trigeminal Neuralgia", - "docid": "294f4a67-30d6-4488-bd1a-931d1f8c7609", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Cranial Nerves and Brainstem", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Trigeminal Neuralgia" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "eef2f839-5706-47b9-89c3-60d8315b2b3a", - "value": "Nicholas A. Koontz, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Cranial Nerves and Brainstem, Clinically Based Differentials, Trigeminal Neuralgia", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Overall statistics\n - 80-90% are due to vascular compression of cisternal segment of CNV at root entry zone\n - ~ 90% arterial vascular loop\n - Superior cerebellar arter...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/trigeminal-neuropathy_6d668284-4c8e-4a14-90b6-c7abf86065e6.md", - "title": "Trigeminal Neuropathy", - "docid": "6d668284-4c8e-4a14-90b6-c7abf86065e6", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Cranial Nerves and Brainstem", - "Clinically Based Differentials", - "Trigeminal Neuropathy" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "ab4396df-0647-4f6a-b534-995eda06646c", - "value": "Nancy J. Fischbein, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Cranial Nerves and Brainstem, Clinically Based Differentials, Trigeminal Neuropathy", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - **Neuropathy vs. neuralgia**\n - Trigeminal neuropathy refers to dysfunction of CNV, sensory or motor\n - Numbness in skin &/or mucosal membranes in distribution of CNV or one of its branches\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/zellweger-syndrome-and-peroxisomal-biogenesis-disorders_5a3e0701-0615-4e17-b102-d67a399a9fc2.md", - "title": "Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders", - "docid": "5a3e0701-0615-4e17-b102-d67a399a9fc2", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Diagnosis", - "Pediatric Neuroradiology", - "Brain", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Peroxisomal Disorders", - "Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "838e1722-2479-4fbd-a5fe-d965980a1a2c", - "value": "Blaise V. Jones, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Diagnosis, Pediatric Neuroradiology, Brain, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Peroxisomal Disorders, Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of White Matter Injury of Prematurity)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Disorders of peroxisome biosynthesis, assembly, and biochemical functions\n - Varying phenotypes reflect degree of dysfunction\n - Severe: Zellweger syndrome (ZS)\n - Moderate: Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD)\n - Mild: Infan...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Congenital CMV", - "docid": "ad51c41b-8389-4adb-b4b0-f1d35a380338" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage_9109b698-5ee5-49c4-ba0c-1a86f1fbede4.md", - "title": "Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage", - "docid": "9109b698-5ee5-49c4-ba0c-1a86f1fbede4", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms", - "Subarachnoid Hemorrhage", - "Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - SAH caused by ruptured aneurysm (aSAH)\n - Saccular (SA) > > dissecting aneurysm (DA)\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - CT/CTA\n - Hyperdense cisterns/sulci on NECT\n - Within 6 hours after ictus, sensitivity ~ 100%\n - Dis...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Perimesencephalic SAH", - "docid": "09db329f-e08a-4075-9a94-4fcc9dfee765" - }, - { - "title": "Traumatic SAH", - "docid": "3697dced-cf23-47db-bdbd-0b941d63cf42" - }, - { - "title": "Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome", - "docid": "c3a19be2-1f91-4dcb-b63a-cbfdaeaca5c1" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/vertebrobasilar-system_0ff112d1-0e58-4694-9b49-0a0327ea1310.md", - "title": "Vertebrobasilar System", - "docid": "0ff112d1-0e58-4694-9b49-0a0327ea1310", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Intracranial Arteries", - "Vertebrobasilar System" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - }, - { - "key": "095c34cb-da44-4830-98c9-7e1a24bdda5b", - "value": "Edward P. Quigley, III, MD, PhD" - }, - { - "key": "afaec833-e997-49c4-8eab-e28310c6c2bf", - "value": "Adriene C. Eastaway, MD, MS" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Intracranial Arteries, Vertebrobasilar System", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Intracranial Atherosclerosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Vertebrobasilar (VB), vertebral artery (VA), basilar artery (BA)\n - Superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)\n - Internal carotid artery (ICA)\n - Anterior spin...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/adem_7066708a-9349-472e-b210-849cca6426d7.md", - "title": "ADEM", - "docid": "7066708a-9349-472e-b210-849cca6426d7", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases", - "Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease", - "ADEM" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", - "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR" - }, - { - "key": "99e1aff7-f42c-43a0-95ae-d89c8551aa01", - "value": "Kevin R. Moore, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases, Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease, ADEM", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Susac Syndrome)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Autoimmune-mediated white matter (WM) demyelination of brain &/or spinal cord, usually with remyelination\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best diagnostic clue: Multifocal WM and deep gray lesions days to weeks following infection/vaccination\n - May involve b...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)", - "docid": "71012f02-fab7-42ed-bc60-e584dc229ccb" - }, - { - "title": "White Matter Tracts", - "docid": "846101a2-e892-4c70-9a32-c9fa887d073a" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "1edc42e3-5c31-42b9-b8b8-44cc3bd38432" - }, - { - "title": "Optic Nerve (CNII)", - "docid": "54712d62-1940-4028-8161-4cfd3c4dbb20" - }, - { - "title": "Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)", - "docid": "06e99da6-48fc-45f4-a571-97d12a15f365" - }, - { - "title": "Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)", - "docid": "172680f5-d290-4a02-b07e-63c1da75e148" - }, - { - "title": "Vagus Nerve (CNX)", - "docid": "68b6ede4-c797-4d55-8d29-aed3df441741" - }, - { - "title": "Accessory Nerve (CNXI)", - "docid": "9d50453e-c26a-46a3-826e-265736e43174" - }, - { - "title": "Anatomy Document", - "docid": "fdb933e1-ce0c-4f99-9ddb-cbe5f3b0f015" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "170ad135-ca16-497a-80de-5a24b9ca2f47" - }, - { - "title": "CNII (Optic Nerve)", - "docid": "1b5322bb-bdca-4605-9ab5-43598b5c322f" - }, - { - "title": "CNV (Trigeminal Nerve)", - "docid": "9db87cfa-58ff-45fd-a7fd-fe8c73eb9770" - }, - { - "title": "CNIX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)", - "docid": "2e74a767-3f28-49be-a50f-1dbcc10ce90f" - }, - { - "title": "CNX (Vagus Nerve)", - "docid": "83868689-c995-4608-bed3-f59664cbd586" - }, - { - "title": "CNXI (Accessory Nerve)", - "docid": "18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - }, - { - "title": "Abducens Nerve (CNVI)", - "docid": "655e63da-d744-4267-9d90-07f52493bbc0" - }, - { - "title": "Oculomotor Nerve (CNIII)", - "docid": "495aba11-106f-439d-8516-6a445b085919" - }, - { - "title": "Trochlear Nerve (CNIV)", - "docid": "cc69e654-b9cd-465b-8437-fba44f3c034b" - }, - { - "title": "CNIII (Oculomotor Nerve)", - "docid": "ad21daaf-1f28-4f9c-bc74-3d0142c167ab" - }, - { - "title": "CNIV (Trochlear Nerve)", - "docid": "52486223-9cb5-43f5-b9af-c46431ae6637" - }, - { - "title": "CNVI (Abducens Nerve)", - "docid": "923d7c4a-93a3-42ba-b8db-c7b15348e473" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Brain", - "docid": "f2592b04-f800-4235-9eea-a43f2bf4adfe" - }, - { - "title": "Leukodystrophies", - "docid": "f4ff3738-131c-46bf-be71-1811f2c1776c" - }, - { - "title": "Miscellaneous Vasculitis", - "docid": "221f737a-6bfa-4331-b296-402e40973f7e" - }, - { - "title": "Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES", - "docid": "efc6f9c2-dad9-4eb8-bad2-421bfaf1ec57" - }, - { - "title": "Normal Aging Brain", - "docid": "7a76b1cd-006d-4bb5-9528-8634be8c88d6" - }, - { - "title": "Fabry Disease", - "docid": "766451da-d8ce-4ee6-8cb2-cb38609a1dae" - }, - { - "title": "Enhancing Cranial Nerve(s)", - "docid": "6471fb1c-d46d-47cd-8322-1671e82335c3" - }, - { - "title": "Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "docid": "1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624" - }, - { - "title": "Ring-Enhancing Lesions", - "docid": "3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/deep-cerebral-veins_e426b06e-4b91-48ef-956b-78fb179b1de9.md", - "title": "Deep Cerebral Veins", - "docid": "e426b06e-4b91-48ef-956b-78fb179b1de9", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Veins and Venous Sinuses", - "Deep Cerebral Veins" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - }, - { - "key": "095c34cb-da44-4830-98c9-7e1a24bdda5b", - "value": "Edward P. Quigley, III, MD, PhD" - }, - { - "key": "afaec833-e997-49c4-8eab-e28310c6c2bf", - "value": "Adriene C. Eastaway, MD, MS" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Veins and Venous Sinuses, Deep Cerebral Veins", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Septal, thalamostriate, internal cerebral veins (SV, TSV, ICV)\n - Vein of Galen (VofG); basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR)\n - Inferior sagittal sinus (ISS); straight sinus (SS)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Cavum veli interpositi: Space within double...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/sensorimotor-network_e1563250-4c6c-4730-bbad-4430ae16a5c6.md", - "title": "Sensorimotor Network", - "docid": "e1563250-4c6c-4730-bbad-4430ae16a5c6", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Functional MRI", - "Functional Network Anatomy", - "Sensorimotor Network" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Functional MRI, Functional Network Anatomy, Sensorimotor Network", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Includes primary somatosensory and primary motor cortex, motor and sensory association cortex, subcortical and cerebellar motor regions, and primary auditory cortex\n - Map of sensorimotor homunculus extends along the central sulcus from facial regio...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/memory-overview_40e2e25f-421b-4653-94e3-641b09b47e4d.md", - "title": "Memory Overview", - "docid": "40e2e25f-421b-4653-94e3-641b09b47e4d", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Brain Network Anatomy", - "Memory Overview" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0", - "value": "Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Memory Overview", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Procedural memory: Long-term memory that does not require conscious recollection such as motor skills, also called implicit memory\n - Declarative memory: Long-term memory that requires conscious recollection, can be episodic or semantic, also called ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_84792183-949d-4b25-a586-572dbe2e11a2", - "title": "Vascular Malformation", - "docid": "84792183-949d-4b25-a586-572dbe2e11a2", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_dd83ba51-7fd9-406f-9950-9a944c02c291", - "title": "Dural Arteriovenous Fistula", - "docid": "dd83ba51-7fd9-406f-9950-9a944c02c291", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "missing_1df27abc-b596-45bc-aba5-441253f39327", - "title": "Ruptured Pseudoaneurysm", - "docid": "1df27abc-b596-45bc-aba5-441253f39327", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/extracranial-veins_83693722-9b65-4d3c-8f5b-88c9824b4252.md", - "title": "Extracranial Veins", - "docid": "83693722-9b65-4d3c-8f5b-88c9824b4252", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Veins and Venous Sinuses", - "Extracranial Veins" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Veins and Venous Sinuses, Extracranial Veins", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Cortical Venous Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Internal jugular vein (IJV)\n - Internal carotid artery (ICA)\n - Common carotid artery (CCA)\n - Inferior, superior ophthalmic veins (IOV, SOV)\n - Cavernous sinus (CS)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Extracranial veins include scalp, skull (di...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/intracranial-venous-system-overview_fa5537f5-50aa-4a7d-abd1-a469b8a8b55f.md", - "title": "Intracranial Venous System Overview", - "docid": "fa5537f5-50aa-4a7d-abd1-a469b8a8b55f", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Veins and Venous Sinuses", - "Intracranial Venous System Overview" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Veins and Venous Sinuses, Intracranial Venous System Overview", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Cortical Venous Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Superior sagittal sinus (SSS)\n - Inferior sagittal sinus (ISS)\n - Internal cerebral vein (ICV)\n - Straight sinus (SS)\n - Great cerebral vein [vein of Galen (VofG)]\n - Transverse sinus (TS)\n - Superior/inferior petrosal sinuses (SPS/I...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/posterior-fossa-veins_7b5caf92-e4eb-4a23-ba29-45d1dbb1af65.md", - "title": "Posterior Fossa Veins", - "docid": "7b5caf92-e4eb-4a23-ba29-45d1dbb1af65", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Veins and Venous Sinuses", - "Posterior Fossa Veins" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Veins and Venous Sinuses, Posterior Fossa Veins", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Cortical Venous Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Vein of Galen (VofG)\n - Precentral cerebellar vein (PCV)\n - Anterior pontomesencephalic vein/venous plexus (APMV)\n - Superior vermian vein (SVV)\n - Inferior vermian vein (IVV)\n - Cerebellopontine angle (CPA)\n - Internal auditory cana...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/superficial-cerebral-veins_af5cea88-c034-40fd-ac92-5a2794341ed0.md", - "title": "Superficial Cerebral Veins", - "docid": "af5cea88-c034-40fd-ac92-5a2794341ed0", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Veins and Venous Sinuses", - "Superficial Cerebral Veins" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - }, - { - "key": "095c34cb-da44-4830-98c9-7e1a24bdda5b", - "value": "Edward P. Quigley, III, MD, PhD" - }, - { - "key": "afaec833-e997-49c4-8eab-e28310c6c2bf", - "value": "Adriene C. Eastaway, MD, MS" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Veins and Venous Sinuses, Superficial Cerebral Veins", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Cortical Venous Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV)\n - Deep middle cerebral vein (DMCV)\n - Vein of Trolard (VofT)\n - Vein of Labbé (VofL)\n - Basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR)\n - Superior, inferior sagittal sinus (SSS; ISS)\n - Cavernous sinus (CS)\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/cerebral-contusion_ac1add00-0c2a-4818-8c79-310fa74e2331.md", - "title": "Cerebral Contusion", - "docid": "ac1add00-0c2a-4818-8c79-310fa74e2331", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Trauma", - "Primary Effects of CNS Trauma", - "Cerebral Contusion" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "cdbaaa96-a7b4-4498-a355-a2823a7d9e26", - "value": "Kelly A. Dahlstrom, DO" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Trauma, Primary Effects of CNS Trauma, Cerebral Contusion", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Cortical Venous Thrombosis)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Brain surface injuries involving gray matter and contiguous subcortical white matter\n - Coup: Direct injury to brain **beneath** impact site\n - Contrecoup: Injury **opposite** impact site (often more severe than coup)\n- ### Imaging\n \n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Basal Ganglia", - "docid": "a9de3815-ec59-4c78-adf0-94974065a7e3" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Brainstem Overview", - "docid": "bf889ffb-646b-429d-8699-d9bd34e8e193" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - }, - { - "title": "Attention Control Network", - "docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f" - }, - { - "title": "Default Mode Network", - "docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367" - }, - { - "title": "Midbrain", - "docid": "628d8588-6898-45ba-b946-1702bcce1366" - }, - { - "title": "Other Deep Gray Nuclei", - "docid": "aba59a23-3d05-4ef5-a004-fc928a7c40d6" - }, - { - "title": "Social Brain Anatomy", - "docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca" - }, - { - "title": "Anatomy Document", - "docid": "931a002c-9dcc-4b1a-81ac-a55c418aee32" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction", - "docid": "7a3ed4a9-ae05-4d64-ae8e-6a30105501e1" - }, - { - "title": "Dural Sinus Thrombosis", - "docid": "9a1ac112-bd65-4306-92b0-022d16e360c3" - }, - { - "title": "Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "docid": "1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624" - }, - { - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "cb90e245-060a-4489-8041-6803f8cc93e7" - }, - { - "title": "Intracranial Hemorrhage", - "docid": "3a9cbed6-aa2c-45a0-88bf-b39f1523ee85" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/dural-sinuses_deb22ea4-1ac5-4542-a85a-8945376ad725.md", - "title": "Dural Sinuses", - "docid": "deb22ea4-1ac5-4542-a85a-8945376ad725", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Veins and Venous Sinuses", - "Dural Sinuses" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - }, - { - "key": "095c34cb-da44-4830-98c9-7e1a24bdda5b", - "value": "Edward P. Quigley, III, MD, PhD" - }, - { - "key": "afaec833-e997-49c4-8eab-e28310c6c2bf", - "value": "Adriene C. Eastaway, MD, MS" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Veins and Venous Sinuses, Dural Sinuses", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Internal cerebral vein (ICV)\n - Superior/inferior petrosal sinuses (SPS/IPS)\n\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Anatomy Relationships\n \n \n - Endothelial lined, contained within outer (periosteal), inner (meningeal) dural layers\n - Often fenestrated, ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/central-skull-base_2a489198-8130-4d47-8226-6970858ed6ed.md", - "title": "Central Skull Base", - "docid": "2a489198-8130-4d47-8226-6970858ed6ed", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Anatomy", - "Skull Base and Cranial Nerves", - "Central Skull Base" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - }, { "key": "94f835c8-fa13-4e8a-995b-53048e6b0605", "value": "Philip R. Chapman, MD" } ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Skull Base and Cranial Nerves, Central Skull Base", + "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Cranial Nerves, CNIV (Trochlear Nerve)", "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" + "Content" ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Central skull base (CSB)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - CSB: Skull base posterior to lesser wing of sphenoid (LWS)/planum sphenoidale and anterior to petrous ridge/dorsum sella\n\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - CSB is **floor**of **middle...", + "snippet": "...- Paralysis of superior oblique muscle results in **extorsion** (outward rotation) of affected eye due to unopposed action of inferior oblique m...", "linked_info": { "anatomy": { "exists": true, @@ -7139,184 +353,42 @@ "is_cached": true }, { - "path": "docs_md/articles/pterygopalatine-fossa_8028d3aa-f348-48e4-b364-f793ca6aac88.md", - "title": "Pterygopalatine Fossa", - "docid": "8028d3aa-f348-48e4-b364-f793ca6aac88", + "path": "docs_md/articles/hepatic-cavernous-hemangioma_b6861694-7bb0-4730-860d-4c78c1cdb38b.md", + "title": "Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma", + "docid": "b6861694-7bb0-4730-860d-4c78c1cdb38b", "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Anatomy", - "Nose and Sinuses", - "Pterygopalatine Fossa" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", - "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Nose and Sinuses, Pterygopalatine Fossa", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Pterygopalatine fossa (PPF)\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - Less commonly known as sphenopalatine fossa\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Major crossroads deep within face between nose, mouth, orbit, masticator space, skull base, nasopharynx, & middle cranial ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/central-skull-base_8887bf04-6027-42cb-9a34-3e15c6cc27ff.md", - "title": "Central Skull Base", - "docid": "8887bf04-6027-42cb-9a34-3e15c6cc27ff", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Anatomy", - "Skull Base", - "Central Skull Base" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "94f835c8-fa13-4e8a-995b-53048e6b0605", - "value": "Philip R. Chapman, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Anatomy, Skull Base, Central Skull Base", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Anatomy of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Anterior, central, posterior skull base (ASB, CSB, PSB)\n - Greater, lesser wings of sphenoid (GWS, LWS)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - CSB: Skull base posterior to LWS/planum sphenoidale & anterior to petrous ridge/dorsum sella\n\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/intracranial-herniation-syndromes_e85ea6f9-0ff8-43ee-a79f-8b2698f5c7fd.md", - "title": "Intracranial Herniation Syndromes", - "docid": "e85ea6f9-0ff8-43ee-a79f-8b2698f5c7fd", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", + "Gastrointestinal", "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Trauma", - "Secondary Effects of CNS Trauma", - "Intracranial Herniation Syndromes" + "Liver", + "Benign Neoplasms and Tumor-Like Conditions", + "Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma" ], "authors": [ { - "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", - "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD" + "key": "6c5a9e0e-9dea-461b-9ad4-c00f5c4c2bbf", + "value": "Atif Zaheer, MD, FSAR" }, { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" + "key": "e987d3d3-1206-48d6-824b-3347c2968855", + "value": "Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR" } ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Trauma, Secondary Effects of CNS Trauma, Intracranial Herniation Syndromes", + "pageKeywords": "Gastrointestinal, Diagnosis, Liver, Benign Neoplasms and Tumor-Like Conditions, Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma", "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" + "Content" ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Brain displaced from one compartment into another\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - **Subfalcine herniation (SFH)**\n - **Cingulate** **gyrus** displaced under falx\n - Ipsilateral ventricle compressed, contralateral dilated\n - **Unilateral des...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Intracranial Hypotension", - "docid": "6765f123-04be-4634-beb5-216838f5ca6b" - }, - { - "title": "Chiari 1", - "docid": "835a2ce4-4ac1-4ba6-a2b9-72427f112a3a" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/jugular-bulb-pseudolesion_2bf19ff5-bfee-4764-9e2d-cea04ccce4ea.md", - "title": "Jugular Bulb Pseudolesion", - "docid": "2bf19ff5-bfee-4764-9e2d-cea04ccce4ea", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Diagnosis", - "Skull Base Lesions", - "Jugular Foramen", - "Jugular Bulb Pseudolesion" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Diagnosis, Skull Base Lesions, Jugular Foramen, Jugular Bulb Pseudolesion", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Asymmetric, large jugular bulb (JB) flow phenomenon simulates neoplasm or thrombosis on MR sequences\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best diagnostic clue: Complex MR signal in JB with normal jugular foramen (JF) cortex & jugular spine\n - Complex MR sig...", + "snippet": "...such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Torsion, infarction, and subsequent calcification may occur - ### MR Findings -...", "linked_info": { "anatomy": { "exists": true, "links": [ { - "title": "Carotid Space", - "docid": "627bdee1-4bde-46f2-b93d-958882586337" + "title": "Liver", + "docid": "e4fdb09c-d20f-407d-b563-499124541261" }, { - "title": "CNX (Vagus Nerve)", - "docid": "83868689-c995-4608-bed3-f59664cbd586" - }, - { - "title": "Accessory Nerve (CNXI)", - "docid": "9d50453e-c26a-46a3-826e-265736e43174" - }, - { - "title": "Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)", - "docid": "172680f5-d290-4a02-b07e-63c1da75e148" - }, - { - "title": "Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)", - "docid": "71012f02-fab7-42ed-bc60-e584dc229ccb" - }, - { - "title": "Vagus Nerve (CNX)", - "docid": "68b6ede4-c797-4d55-8d29-aed3df441741" - }, - { - "title": "CNIX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)", - "docid": "2e74a767-3f28-49be-a50f-1dbcc10ce90f" - }, - { - "title": "CNXI (Accessory Nerve)", - "docid": "18e60151-70bc-40a1-9b4f-4b86f8fd65c2" - }, - { - "title": "CNXII (Hypoglossal Nerve)", - "docid": "f734d678-561c-47fd-afb5-dab6afacc1a8" + "title": "Liver", + "docid": "236fb145-0c29-4362-be57-06401bf337aa" } ] }, @@ -7324,829 +396,80 @@ "exists": true, "links": [ { - "title": "High Jugular Bulb", - "docid": "5f469f6f-9fa8-41cf-ac6f-7387e7950de3" + "title": "Cholangiocarcinoma (Peripheral)", + "docid": "47b55423-1d41-4790-86bd-cb233ceaa180" }, { - "title": "Jugular Bulb Diverticulum", - "docid": "0177d04f-dd01-4f39-b81e-6fcf4208c4d0" + "title": "Hepatic Metastases and Lymphoma", + "docid": "248db898-197a-4555-a14d-eef5ca2f8967" }, { - "title": "Dehiscent Jugular Bulb", - "docid": "e1822e40-ed20-4b65-be48-c82b59042b89" + "title": "Hepatic Angiosarcoma", + "docid": "df71fca2-b3dc-4890-87ce-ddd0de4f6e96" }, { - "title": "Sigmoid Sinus-Jugular Bulb Thrombosis", - "docid": "9eb7992b-1296-4a96-83b5-b6b96160ec0a" - }, - { - "title": "Jugular Paraganglioma", - "docid": "ff5672b9-8cab-4a5d-9848-bb6cc0e23c21" - }, - { - "title": "Jugular Foramen Schwannoma", - "docid": "39fe8b5f-828f-4529-a1a5-2e267c0ab63c" - }, - { - "title": "Jugular Foramen Meningioma", - "docid": "c90dd6ee-1fc2-4e93-b200-d15889bb7f10" + "title": "Right Upper Quadrant Pain", + "docid": "33f29d78-0099-4ee9-85da-d0c70c1e0ce6" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "cf70b4e9-14e8-496e-8927-62fe1bb1c89c" + "docid": "6b7939de-9506-4ee2-944d-65766e04e5cf" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "1e250956-d4d8-45f5-b228-92a8282f51ac" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/dural-arteriovenous-fistula_99b59be6-df58-44a9-b14a-be194dfea1c7.md", - "title": "Dural Arteriovenous Fistula", - "docid": "99b59be6-df58-44a9-b14a-be194dfea1c7", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Diagnosis", - "Skull Base Lesions", - "Dural Sinuses", - "Dural Arteriovenous Fistula" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "de7872b8-cec7-4fd5-a536-c54825607d0f", - "value": "Ram Vaidhyanath, DMRD, DNB, FRCR" - }, - { - "key": "99f10fe6-7f91-4026-bc60-d769c5d7c7c4", - "value": "C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Diagnosis, Skull Base Lesions, Dural Sinuses, Dural Arteriovenous Fistula", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF)\n - Acquired direct shunt between dural artery and dural venous sinus or cortical vein\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best imaging modality: DSA\n - Most common site: Transverse sinus (TS)\n - CECT findings in DAVF\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Skull Base Overview", - "docid": "a63a24e0-d077-4a32-a355-2092de4f84f3" - }, - { - "title": "Central Skull Base", - "docid": "2a489198-8130-4d47-8226-6970858ed6ed" - }, - { - "title": "Posterior Skull Base", - "docid": "b363fd64-a5af-4719-a285-71cdbec60f69" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "1edc42e3-5c31-42b9-b8b8-44cc3bd38432" - }, - { - "title": "Dural Sinuses", - "docid": "deb22ea4-1ac5-4542-a85a-8945376ad725" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "170ad135-ca16-497a-80de-5a24b9ca2f47" - }, - { - "title": "Central Skull Base", - "docid": "8887bf04-6027-42cb-9a34-3e15c6cc27ff" - }, - { - "title": "Anatomy Document", - "docid": "8a7bdc2c-475b-4ce8-a35c-3fad9242a8bc" - }, - { - "title": "Pterygopalatine Fossa", - "docid": "8028d3aa-f348-48e4-b364-f793ca6aac88" - }, - { - "title": "Anatomy Document", - "docid": "d5939b27-59e9-41a7-bb04-58bb30d22048" - }, - { - "title": "Anatomy Document", - "docid": "25e08cb1-5308-4ce1-91c1-28cf309cd842" - }, - { - "title": "Intracranial Venous System Overview", - "docid": "fa5537f5-50aa-4a7d-abd1-a469b8a8b55f" - }, - { - "title": "Posterior Fossa Veins", - "docid": "7b5caf92-e4eb-4a23-ba29-45d1dbb1af65" - }, - { - "title": "Transcranial Doppler", - "docid": "914fd68b-ddab-4640-bcc4-883c425d13f8" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Jugular Bulb Pseudolesion", - "docid": "2bf19ff5-bfee-4764-9e2d-cea04ccce4ea" - }, - { - "title": "Thrombosed Dural Sinus", - "docid": "9eb7992b-1296-4a96-83b5-b6b96160ec0a" - }, - { - "title": "Pial Arteriovenous Malformation", - "docid": "84792183-949d-4b25-a586-572dbe2e11a2" + "docid": "482d9968-2c80-4ea1-9562-8dfbabb4e517" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "8a29ab23-43c8-4534-8af8-fdf252b88642" + "docid": "db4385a3-b724-4ad2-91b1-44332d70914f" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "65543935-2c14-42c6-a420-b6f37135ff95" + "docid": "69ce0141-f34e-49d9-a70f-e4da8af391f7" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "cf70b4e9-14e8-496e-8927-62fe1bb1c89c" + "docid": "325a4527-e4dc-485b-9f89-2cfd5f0a311c" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "e0a91ed6-f016-4ae9-8380-b74dee5ecd1a" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "missing_8a29ab23-43c8-4534-8af8-fdf252b88642", - "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "8a29ab23-43c8-4534-8af8-fdf252b88642", - "breadcrumbs": [], - "authors": [], - "pageKeywords": [], - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" - ], - "snippet": "", - "linked_info": null, - "is_cached": false - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/intrinsic-skull-base-lesion_563bc74a-c052-4fdb-a5f2-5a318578bb62.md", - "title": "Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion", - "docid": "563bc74a-c052-4fdb-a5f2-5a318578bb62", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Head and Neck", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Skull Base", - "Anatomically Based Differentials", - "Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "99f10fe6-7f91-4026-bc60-d769c5d7c7c4", - "value": "C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Head and Neck, Differential Diagnosis, Skull Base, Anatomically Based Differentials, Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Lesion may be focal, diffuse, localized, or part of systemic disease\n - Variable presentation of skull base lesion\n - Headache, cranial neuropathy\n - On occasion, may be incidental imaging finding\n ...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/lyme-disease_082aad00-d3cf-4b75-a9aa-5ed2c724959c.md", - "title": "Lyme Disease", - "docid": "082aad00-d3cf-4b75-a9aa-5ed2c724959c", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases", - "Acquired Infections", - "Lyme Disease" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases, Acquired Infections, Lyme Disease", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Lyme disease (LD), Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB)\n - Multisystem, multistage inflammatory disease\n - Caused by *Borrelia burgdorferi*(USA)\n - Transmitted by *Ixodes* tick bite\n - Reservoirs: White-footed mice/deer\n- ### Imaging\n...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Multiple Sclerosis", - "docid": "abe95a5e-394f-411b-aca6-72ab160a1d0d" - }, - { - "title": "Miscellaneous Vasculitis", - "docid": "221f737a-6bfa-4331-b296-402e40973f7e" - }, - { - "title": "Sarcoidosis", - "docid": "0f637e19-adcd-4bf6-b2b9-8272613cb9e9" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/posttraumatic-brain-swelling_21a74d44-6e0c-40c6-b865-a4267453d629.md", - "title": "Posttraumatic Brain Swelling", - "docid": "21a74d44-6e0c-40c6-b865-a4267453d629", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Trauma", - "Secondary Effects of CNS Trauma", - "Posttraumatic Brain Swelling" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "b2e6dabb-ee1c-42a4-a332-9f0814c1c607", - "value": "Surjith Vattoth, MD" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Trauma, Secondary Effects of CNS Trauma, Posttraumatic Brain Swelling", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Vasogenic edema (VE), cytotoxic edema (CTE), cerebral edema (CE), diffuse brain swelling (DBS)\n - 2 forms of brain edema: VE and CTE (often coexist)\n - VE: Extracellular edema, follows blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown\n - CTE: Intra...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning", - "docid": "827ae14b-3d0f-4c3a-937a-e450a7eec716" - }, - { - "title": "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)", - "docid": "84176f2c-fc9d-4497-8af9-1430b9f0187c" - }, - { - "title": "Uremia, mitochondrial disorders", - "docid": "dcbc692c-e682-4992-94b6-524c6fe5a1b5" - }, - { - "title": "Meningitis/Encephalitis", - "docid": "a08411a0-492d-4fa1-a504-dd97cce22a0e" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/carbon-monoxide-poisoning_827ae14b-3d0f-4c3a-937a-e450a7eec716.md", - "title": "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning", - "docid": "827ae14b-3d0f-4c3a-937a-e450a7eec716", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations", - "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, usually with bilateral lesions, caused by inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO) gas\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best diagnostic clue: Globi pallidi (GP) T2/FLAIR hyperintensity\n - T1 MR: Both hypointensity in GP (likely necro...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury", - "docid": "91ac293f-161c-4b3b-81e5-740f831eaa5d" - }, - { - "title": "Drug Abuse", - "docid": "48859403-0b26-44d8-ba74-e0919e4c3147" - }, - { - "title": "Wilson Disease", - "docid": "b89eef10-ea47-4ca9-a3b7-b8aeeca86802" - }, - { - "title": "Japanese Encephalitis", - "docid": "7e3dd11d-21c7-468a-a227-b363d595bbce" - }, - { - "title": "Arteriolosclerosis", - "docid": "07e561a5-0554-4867-b811-448c36890ee3" - }, - { - "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)", - "docid": "30a88a01-b24d-476d-a933-48aabcdb6f95" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd_30a88a01-b24d-476d-a933-48aabcdb6f95.md", - "title": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)", - "docid": "30a88a01-b24d-476d-a933-48aabcdb6f95", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders", - "Dementias and Degenerative Disorders", - "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "1fa14dfd-71ea-4960-908e-e720313bc63a", - "value": "Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD" - }, - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Dementias and Degenerative Disorders, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): Rapidly progressing, fatal, potentially transmissible dementia caused by prion\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best imaging clue: Progressive DWI/FLAIR hyperintensity of basal ganglia (BG), thalamus, and cerebral cortex\n - Pr...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Default Mode Network", - "docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3" - }, - { - "title": "Basal Ganglia", - "docid": "a9de3815-ec59-4c78-adf0-94974065a7e3" - }, - { - "title": "Thalamus", - "docid": "b7f0cd6b-4ba2-4ed4-8dd0-5ca56d9ae92b" - }, - { - "title": "Language Overview", - "docid": "40f2ed79-0d31-4943-aaa2-7c3244a7e87b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "ef0be4c8-3d36-4ca9-b4c5-f22f66d2b367" - }, - { - "title": "Attention Control Network", - "docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f" - }, - { - "title": "Visual Network", - "docid": "404625d9-3125-4923-9f9d-53d0f81c3542" - }, - { - "title": "Limbic Network", - "docid": "e1a20b61-b2c1-44c5-ba04-59843855bfef" - }, - { - "title": "Social Brain Anatomy", - "docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b" - }, - { - "title": "Functional Network Overview", - "docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5" - }, - { - "title": "Brain", - "docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury", - "docid": "91ac293f-161c-4b3b-81e5-740f831eaa5d" - }, - { - "title": "Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome", - "docid": "2f646ac5-9994-4bc0-a7ff-f0103334a366" - }, - { - "title": "Other Causes of Dementia", - "docid": "aa75d198-88b8-45c2-8a35-750631009166" - }, - { - "title": "Alzheimer disease", - "docid": "aa75d198-88b8-45c2-8a35-750631009166" - }, - { - "title": "Dementia in motor neuron disease", - "docid": "cef8f538-52a0-4590-b14d-3578e9214330" - }, - { - "title": "Frontotemporal dementia", - "docid": "596be24d-885f-40ed-832e-2de041f974f5" - }, - { - "title": "Vascular Dementia", - "docid": "20864adf-5e46-4fbf-ba27-e8e30fa6506f" - }, - { - "title": "Corticobasal Degeneration", - "docid": "99473ccd-173f-4ed5-9b92-e52d5630a8a9" - }, - { - "title": "Wilson Disease", - "docid": "b89eef10-ea47-4ca9-a3b7-b8aeeca86802" - }, - { - "title": "Arteriolosclerosis", - "docid": "07e561a5-0554-4867-b811-448c36890ee3" - }, - { - "title": "Homonymous Hemianopsia", - "docid": "1cdca8f4-95f8-4d19-b28a-19a433d1a624" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/porencephalic-cyst_132b5c61-f762-46ad-853c-615f4117d010.md", - "title": "Porencephalic Cyst", - "docid": "132b5c61-f762-46ad-853c-615f4117d010", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts", - "Porencephalic Cyst" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6", - "value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. 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Jhaveri, MD, MBA" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts, Arachnoid Cyst", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Chronic Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Intraarachnoid CSF-filled sac that does not communicate with ventricular system\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - General findings\n - Sharply demarcated, round/ovoid extraaxial cyst\n - Isodense/isointense with CSF\n - Location\n - Midd...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "849da2a0-4a32-4a07-8f00-c69291e59434" - }, - { - "title": "Subarachnoid Spaces/Cisterns", - "docid": "f56a0bc1-03b3-41fb-9c3f-535e09dccc07" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "1edc42e3-5c31-42b9-b8b8-44cc3bd38432" - }, - { - "title": "Gyral/Sulcal Anatomy", - "docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b" - }, - { - "title": "Cranial Nerves Overview", - "docid": "170ad135-ca16-497a-80de-5a24b9ca2f47" - }, - { - "title": "Pineal Region", - "docid": "b8919938-2bad-4562-a94e-9ad05803b4d4" - } - ] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Epidermoid Cyst", - "docid": "e8b8ccaa-d29f-4257-9a03-364553efaccf" - }, - { - "title": "Chronic Subdural Hematoma", - "docid": "1d8c4871-8d38-4199-b139-d5aa3aa1f903" - }, - { - "title": "Porencephalic Cyst", - "docid": "132b5c61-f762-46ad-853c-615f4117d010" - }, - { - "title": "Neurenteric Cyst", - "docid": "f2b33e5f-1d8a-4629-9f8d-8a1c106d79a0" - }, - { - "title": "Neuroglial Cyst", - "docid": "496dec2d-7278-4398-95c3-40aa82da0bc6" - }, - { - "title": "Cisterna Magna Mass", - "docid": "047add0c-7e4f-40a0-9933-8d6fa00a24f7" - }, - { - "title": "Prepontine Cistern Mass", - "docid": "e0f71196-85c7-411c-9c71-e2606b2ee52f" + "docid": "6805354c-8246-45dc-aa61-c84f0dab6d16" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "a675a04d-11c1-4192-80b2-899850a30416" + "docid": "75912629-c3e6-4960-9e4d-513fa23779ac" }, { - "title": "Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion", - "docid": "384912cc-94d4-4d58-89bb-f378acf18b4d" + "title": "Multiple Hypodense Liver Lesions", + "docid": "5178ae9c-1ea9-4e06-9e8a-91e98d8708f6" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "86c95889-d542-4617-8dd6-d345255dede9" - } - ] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/oligodendroglioma-idh-mutant-and-1p-19q-codeleted_650c343e-cca8-484f-a93c-3961b57a30c4.md", - "title": "Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted", - "docid": "650c343e-cca8-484f-a93c-3961b57a30c4", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Diagnosis", - "Pathology-Based Diagnoses", - "Neoplasms", - "Gliomas, Glioneuronal Tumors, and Neuronal Tumors", - "Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas", - "Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79", - "value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR" - }, - { - "key": "5cff4116-3654-4b3a-bb75-5ebe0b8c9850", - "value": "Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Neoplasms, Gliomas, Glioneuronal Tumors, and Neuronal Tumors, Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas, Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Chronic Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Diffusely infiltrating glioma with\n - Entity-defining*IDH1* or *IDH2* mutation + codeletion of chromosome arms 1p, 19q\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - General features\n - Cortical/subcortical mass with ill-defined borders\n - > 95% sup...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": true, - "links": [ - { - "title": "Ganglioglioma", - "docid": "8ac2e5f8-28c7-4575-86a7-d2a82df2e1f0" - }, - { - "title": "Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)", - "docid": "3555533d-1a33-4524-8bd6-1f83ea601ab4" - }, - { - "title": "Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)", - "docid": "c30cbca1-2763-4c13-83d7-4b4387950ad9" + "docid": "caf98eea-48d6-4a0f-a747-1c162f945fed" }, { "title": "Differential Diagnosis", - "docid": "a3471e6e-e922-4533-84cc-862e51db6c86" + "docid": "cf8a471a-3174-43e2-98a5-dce76a3512e5" + }, + { + "title": "Differential Diagnosis", + "docid": "70fea150-3a7b-4f5c-a8f5-9ecc5c6df6e4" + }, + { + "title": "Differential Diagnosis", + "docid": "5a0f58f1-beb9-459d-8246-83d6ddaf76db" + }, + { + "title": "Differential Diagnosis", + "docid": "14cf45b2-0ff4-42c9-9302-54af7ca6ee03" + }, + { + "title": "Differential Diagnosis", + "docid": "adbcbcd1-d849-45a5-ba3e-01ac759daca2" } ] } }, "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/abnormal-shape-configuration-of-corpus-callosum_c75baee2-7a4c-4fd8-9b3f-cc662d0f1c18.md", - "title": "Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "c75baee2-7a4c-4fd8-9b3f-cc662d0f1c18", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Brain", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Supratentorial Brain Parenchyma", - "Anatomically Based Differentials", - "Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "47381de4-c9fd-4999-8dd0-1808cd72db6b", - "value": "Luke L. Linscott, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Brain, Differential Diagnosis, Supratentorial Brain Parenchyma, Anatomically Based Differentials, Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Chronic Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical features to consider\n - Normal corpus callosum (CC) varies in thickness & shape\n - Associated anomalies portend worse prognosis\n - If not congenital anomaly, clinical history is crucial...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true - }, - { - "path": "docs_md/articles/signal-attenuation-abnormalities-of-corpus-callosum_578bd09b-da74-43a2-b068-2d4854a61254.md", - "title": "Signal/Attenuation Abnormalities of Corpus Callosum", - "docid": "578bd09b-da74-43a2-b068-2d4854a61254", - "breadcrumbs": [ - "Pediatrics", - "Differential Diagnosis", - "Brain", - "Signal/Attenuation Abnormalities of Corpus Callosum" - ], - "authors": [ - { - "key": "47381de4-c9fd-4999-8dd0-1808cd72db6b", - "value": "Luke L. Linscott, MD" - } - ], - "pageKeywords": "Pediatrics, Differential Diagnosis, Brain, Signal/Attenuation Abnormalities of Corpus Callosum", - "reasons": [ - "Linked (Diff Diag of Chronic Cerebral Infarction)" - ], - "snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical features to consider\n - History of trauma: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)\n - Seizure, infection: Transient cytotoxic splenial lesion\n - Prior surgical history: Corpus callosotomy, shunt pl...", - "linked_info": { - "anatomy": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - }, - "differential": { - "exists": false, - "links": [] - } - }, - "is_cached": true } ] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/scrapers/statdx_passive_capture.user.js b/scrapers/statdx_passive_capture.user.js index b058ee0..6cbdb1f 100644 --- a/scrapers/statdx_passive_capture.user.js +++ b/scrapers/statdx_passive_capture.user.js @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ // ==UserScript== // @name STATdx Passive Capture Link // @namespace http://tampermonkey.net/ -// @version 1.1 +// @version 1.2 // @description Captures STATdx content (JSON/HTML/images) passively and sends it to the central cache server. // @author Antigravity // @match https://app.statdx.com/* @@ -20,21 +20,42 @@ const capturedUrls = new Set(); + function getRequestUrl(args) { + try { + if (!args || args.length === 0) return ""; + const input = args[0]; + if (typeof input === 'string') return input; + if (input && typeof input === 'object' && 'url' in input) return input.url; + } catch (e) {} + return ""; + } + function shouldCapture(url, contentType) { try { if (!url) return false; - const lowerUrl = url.toLowerCase(); - const lowerContentType = (contentType || "").toLowerCase(); + + // Resolve relative URLs to absolute + const resolvedUrl = new URL(url, window.location.href).href; + const lowerUrl = resolvedUrl.toLowerCase(); // Always capture known document content / summary endpoints if (lowerUrl.includes('/document/content/') || lowerUrl.includes('/document/summary/')) { return true; } - // Check if contentType indicates target resource types + // Capture everything from statdx, elsevier, or page origin + const isTargetDomain = lowerUrl.includes('statdx') || + lowerUrl.includes('elsevier') || + lowerUrl.includes(window.location.hostname); + + if (isTargetDomain) { + return true; + } + + // Fallback: check content type + const lowerContentType = (contentType || "").toLowerCase(); if (lowerContentType.includes('application/json') || lowerContentType.startsWith('text/') || - lowerContentType.includes('javascript') || lowerContentType.startsWith('image/')) { return true; } @@ -96,7 +117,7 @@ return dict; } - // Helper: Extract buffer from XHR + // Helper: Extract buffer from XHR supporting multiple response types async function getXhrBuffer(xhr) { try { if (xhr.responseType === 'arraybuffer') { @@ -105,6 +126,19 @@ if (xhr.responseType === 'blob') { return await xhr.response.arrayBuffer(); } + if (xhr.responseType === 'json') { + if (xhr.response) { + const text = JSON.stringify(xhr.response); + return new TextEncoder().encode(text).buffer; + } + } + if (xhr.responseType === 'document') { + if (xhr.response && xhr.response.documentElement) { + const text = xhr.response.documentElement.outerHTML; + return new TextEncoder().encode(text).buffer; + } + } + // Default or text types if (typeof xhr.response === 'string' || !xhr.responseType || xhr.responseType === 'text') { const text = xhr.responseText || xhr.response; if (text) { @@ -175,7 +209,8 @@ // Core processing function async function processBuffer(url, resourceType, status, buffer, contentType, headers) { try { - if (!shouldCapture(url, contentType)) { + const resolvedUrl = new URL(url, window.location.href).href; + if (!shouldCapture(resolvedUrl, contentType)) { return; } @@ -190,7 +225,7 @@ // Convert to base64 and send const bodyBase64 = arrayBufferToBase64(buffer); const payload = { - url: url, + url: resolvedUrl, resource_type: resourceType, status: status, timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), @@ -224,7 +259,7 @@ const myFetch = async function(...args) { const response = await originalFetch.apply(this, args); try { - const url = response.url; + const url = response.url || getRequestUrl(args); const contentType = response.headers.get("content-type") || ""; if (shouldCapture(url, contentType)) {