statdx/docs_md/articles/visual-network_404625d9-3125-4923-9f9d-53d0f81c3542.md

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Visual Network	404625d9-3125-4923-9f9d-53d0f81c3542	key value 15a1b74a-5576-4e3a-a193-2d84e315fbd0 Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD	name slug treeNodeId Brain brain 6d8829f1-14d7-45af-8675-255189aa526a name slug treeNodeId Anatomy anatomy 45a4cfd4-910b-4f11-8eba-c887895fdbf8 name slug treeNodeId Brain Network Anatomy brain-network-anatomy 95c502bb-ba84-4fbc-be46-f1f2600ce4dd name slug treeNodeId Visual Network visual-network null	Brain	6e469918-0145-4a20-93a5-2cc5da2e3cac	1	02/23/21	Visual Network	Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Visual Network	Visual Network | STATdx	Visual Network	ANATOMY	true	Brain Anatomy Brain Network Anatomy Visual Network

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title: "Visual Network" docid: "404625d9-3125-4923-9f9d-53d0f81c3542" authors:

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IMAGING ANATOMY

• Overview

  • Visual cortex consumes virtually all of the occipital lobe, from primary sensory areas along the calcarine sulcus and occipital pole through the posterior parietal and temporal lobes
  • 2 primary sensory processing streams - Dorsal pathway ("where" pathway) extends from V1/V2 to V3 and into medial posterior parietal lobe - Processes localization of stimuli in space, visual attention, spatial awareness, coordination of reaching and grasping - Ventral pathway ("what" pathway) extends from V1/V2 to V4, V5/MT, and anterior inferior temporal lobe (AIT) - Processes complex feature detection in visual stimuli, motion perception
  • Multiple bilateral visual processing areas, each with a complete retinotopic map of visual space (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5/MT, V6, IPS regions)

• Primary (Striate) Visual Cortex (V1)

  • 1st visual area receiving sensory input in the cortex
  • Located along margins of the calcarine sulcus
  • Foveal vision near occipital pole, with more peripheral vision extending anteriorly

• Extrastriate Visual Cortex (V2, V3, V4, V5/MT)

  • V2 (Brodmann area 18): Immediately borders V1, with inverted retinotopic maps
  • V3 (Brodmann area 19): Superior and anterior area V2, part of dorsal stream - Processes progressively more abstract feature extraction - V3A and V3B retinotopic maps
  • V4 (Brodmann area 19 ): Anterior to V2 in lateral occipital cortex, part of ventral stream - Lateral occipital: LO-1, LO-2 retinotopic maps along lateral occipital cortex anterior to V3 - Ventral occipital, human V4: VO-1, VO-2, hV4 retinotopic maps along inferomedial occipital cortex anterior to V3
  • V5 (Brodmann area 19): Middle temporal gyrus at temporooccipital junction; processes motion, color, and attention perception; part of ventral stream
  • V6 (Brodmann area 19): Along parietooccipital sulcus (medial motion area, analogue to primate mediodorsal area), part of dorsal stream

• Lateral Geniculate Nuclei of Thalamus

  • Visualized on axial slice through superior colliculus at posterior lateral margin of the thalamus
  • Endpoint of optic tracts
  • Postsynaptic fibers extend anteromedial along Meyer loop, then posteriorly along optic radiations through visual cortex
  • Additional fibers likely extend through lingual gyrus of occipital lobe to reach primary visual cortex layer 4

• Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS0/V7, IPS1, IPS2, IPS3, IPS4)

  • Posterior parietal regions processing stimulus attention
  • Visual attentional regions along medial aspect of intraparietal sulcus
  • Multiple areas with complete retinotopic map of visual space (IPS0, IPS1, IPS2, IPS3, IPS4)

ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES

• Imaging Recommendations

  • Expanding ring, rotating hemifield tasks for visual field mapping

• Imaging Pitfalls

  • Should check visual acuity prior to fMRI visual field mapping

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

• Clinical Importance

  • Vascular loops (P1 segment) can compress optic tracts and result in otherwise unexplained quadrantanopsia
  • Presurgical visual field mapping usually focused on preserving V1/V2 retinotopic maps and foveal vision, optic radiations
  • DTI best for imaging course of optic radiations for presurgical mapping

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References

Selected References

1. Ko H et al: The emergence of functional microcircuits in visual cortex. Nature. 496(7443):96-100, 2013
2. Baldassarre A et al: Individual variability in functional connectivity predicts performance of a perceptual task. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109(9):3516-21, 2012
3. Gaglianese A et al: Evidence of a direct influence between the thalamus and hMT+ independent of V1 in the human brain as measured by fMRI. Neuroimage. 60(2):1440-7, 2012
4. Chadick JZ et al: Differential coupling of visual cortex with default or frontal-parietal network based on goals. Nat Neurosci. 14(7):830-2, 2011
5. Wandell BA et al: Imaging retinotopic maps in the human brain. Vision Res. 51(7):718-37, 2011
6. Wendt J et al: The functional connectivity between amygdala and extrastriate visual cortex activity during emotional picture processing depends on stimulus novelty. Biol Psychol. 86(3):203-9, 2011
7. Yeo BT et al: The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol. 106(3):1125-65, 2011
8. Zou Q et al: Functional connectivity between the thalamus and visual cortex under eyes closed and eyes open conditions: a resting-state fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 30(9):3066-78, 2009
9. Shmuel A et al: Neuronal correlates of spontaneous fluctuations in fMRI signals in monkey visual cortex: Implications for functional connectivity at rest. Hum Brain Mapp. 29(7):751-61, 2008
10. Wandell BA et al: Visual field maps in human cortex. Neuron. 56(2):366-83, 2007
11. Nir Y et al: Widespread functional connectivity and fMRI fluctuations in human visual cortex in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuroimage. 30(4):1313-24, 2006
12. Hampson M et al: Changes in functional connectivity of human MT/V5 with visual motion input. Neuroreport. 15(8):1315-9, 2004
13. Sereno MI et al: Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science. 268(5212):889-93, 1995

Images

Visual Network

The visual network cluster is shown from a 6-network parcellation of the brain based on whole-brain functional connectivity in 1,353 subjects. Regions within this cluster include striate and extrastriate visual cortex, medial parietal visual attentional regions, and lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus.