more fixes

This commit is contained in:
Ross
2026-07-11 16:54:35 +01:00
parent b703a23fd2
commit a10dd5bd7b
195 changed files with 3943 additions and 128 deletions
+8 -1
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@@ -506,5 +506,12 @@
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---
title: "Cystic Hepatic Mass"
docid: "85bb9a0b-2d25-457d-a131-20ff07cb552b"
authors:
- key: "6c5a9e0e-9dea-461b-9ad4-c00f5c4c2bbf"
value: "Atif Zaheer, MD, FSAR"
- key: "e987d3d3-1206-48d6-824b-3347c2968855"
value: "Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR"
breadcrumbs:
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name: "Gastrointestinal"
slug: "gastrointestinal"
treeNodeId: "992c2a4d-e0c4-4b82-be00-a05f5f19e3be"
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name: "Differential Diagnosis"
slug: "differential-diagnosis"
treeNodeId: "b2773887-e8a2-40b6-86b5-3bd2e3ba7c30"
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name: "Liver"
slug: "liver"
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name: "Generic Imaging Patterns"
slug: "generic-imaging-patterns"
treeNodeId: "4f8b9a53-d6d2-4981-ab07-978042118376"
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name: "Cystic Hepatic Mass"
slug: "cystic-hepatic-mass"
treeNodeId: null
category: "Gastrointestinal"
documentVersionId: "4bcc64c4-b69d-476f-af6c-eee81bea6bd5"
imageCount: 22
lastUpdated: "07/29/22"
pageDescription: "Cystic Hepatic Mass"
pageKeywords: "Gastrointestinal, Differential Diagnosis, Liver, Generic Imaging Patterns, Cystic Hepatic Mass"
pageTitle: "Cystic Hepatic Mass | STATdx"
enhancedTitle: "Cystic Hepatic Mass"
type: "DDX"
breadcrumbs:
- "Gastrointestinal"
- "Differential Diagnosis"
- "Liver"
- "Generic Imaging Patterns"
- "Cystic Hepatic Mass"
---
## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION
- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues
- Any mural nodularity or debris level within cyst should raise concern for tumor, abscess, or hematoma
- Essential to compare current study with prior studies to observe for interval change
- Simple cysts change size only slowly
- Abscesses change quickly
- Treated tumors may simulate cysts [especially gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)]
- View images in multiple planes
- Coronal and sagittal imaging often help to show true morphology, number, and etiology of cystic mass
- ### Helpful Clues for Common Diagnoses
- **Hepatic Cyst**
- Water attenuation, no visible wall
- No enhancement of cyst contents
- MR: Very bright on T2, dark on T1 imaging; no enhancement or mural nodularity
- US: Sonolucent with acoustic enhancement; no visible wall or nodularity
- Hemorrhage within simple cyst can be difficult to distinguish from cystic neoplasm
- 1 or 2 thin septa may be seen
- Often multiple, of varying sizes
- **Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Disease, Liver**
- Many cysts of varying sizes
- Intracyst bleeding results in high-attenuation fluid and calcified cyst walls
- 2 forms of polycystic liver disease (PLD): Isolated PLD and PLD in association with polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
- Often results in massive hepatomegaly, but rarely impairs liver function
- May be associated with cysts in other organs
- Usually have history of other family members with polycystic disease
- Cannot diagnose autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease just by presence of numerous hepatic cysts
- Requires cysts in other organs, family history, or genetic testing
- **Hepatic Pyogenic Abscess**
- Multiloculated, multiseptate cluster of complex cysts
- Wall and septa may show contrast enhancement
- Associated atelectasis and pleural effusion when abscess occurs in peripheral liver adjacent to diaphragm
- Etiology
- Prior surgery or trauma
- Cholecystitis or cholangitis
- Hematogenous spread from colon
- Double target sign: Pus surrounded by pyogenic membrane surrounded by edema
- **Biliary Hamartomas**
- Mimic cysts on CT and MR
- Multiple small (1-1.5 cm), low-attenuation lesions ± echogenic nodules in walls
- Lack of larger cystic lesions and cysts in other organs distinguishes this from autosomal dominant polycystic disease
- Should be considered as likely diagnosis in setting of innumerable small, slightly complex "cysts" in healthy patient
- **Metastases, Hepatic**
- Most common etiologies
- From primary cystic tumor (e.g., ovarian)
- Ovarian primary, sarcomas, GIST, etc. after treatment
- GIST metastasis treated with Gleevec may mimic simple cyst (check history and prior studies)
- Squamous cell metastases and mucinous adenocarcinoma mets may appear cystic
- Most have mural nodularity on CT, US, and MR
- **Hepatic Amebic Abscess**
- Solitary, peripheral, round or ovoid mass
- Endemic in certain populations
- Imaging appearance, clinical presentation, and serology are diagnostic
- **Biloma/Seroma**
- Following trauma, partial liver resection, radiofrequency ablation
- Uninfected biloma or seroma does not require drainage
- Often takes weeks to months for large lesions to resolve
- In setting of liver transplantation, may result from hepatic artery thrombosis with biliary necrosis
- Biloma in hepatic allograft is ominous finding
- **Steatosis (Fatty Liver) (Mimic)**
- Focal deposits may be near-water density on NECT (but echogenic, not cystic, on US)
- MR also definitive, showing selective signal dropout from focal steatotic areas on opposed-phase GRE imaging
- ### Helpful Clues for Less Common Diagnoses
- **Hepatic Candidiasis**
- Innumerable microabscesses (< 1 cm) with target or wheel appearance
- Occur in immune-compromised patients
- Fungal and mycobacterial opportunistic organisms may cause similar appearance
- **Hepatic Hydatid Cyst**
- Solitary or multiple
- Discrete peripheral wall ± calcification
- Mother cyst contains hydatid matrix/sand, daughter cysts
- Daughter cysts may be smaller spheres within larger cyst or appear as thick septations
- **Biliary Cystadenoma/Carcinoma**
- Asymptomatic until large
- Solitary, multiseptate mass with discrete enhancing wall and septa
- Rarely have no visible septa
- Complete resection of all parts of tumor essential to prevent recurrence
- Typically in middle-aged women
- **Biliary Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm**
- Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
- Analogous to pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
- Tumor within bile duct may rarely produce mucin that distends ducts and may simulate cystic mass
- May see nodular, enhancing component (worrisome for cholangiocarcinoma)
- **Hepatocellular Carcinoma**
- Spontaneous necrosis (or following treatment) may simulate cystic mass
- Usually have solid component with arterial hyperenhancement and delayed washout
- **Caroli Disease**
- Cystic dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts
- Communication with bile ducts is key feature, distinguishing it from other cystic masses
- Recommend MRCP or ERCP
- Central dot sign: Dilated ducts surrounding portal vein radicle
- **Undifferentiated Hepatic Sarcoma**
- Undifferentiated sarcoma, primary to liver
- Rare tumor with very aggressive clinical course
- Typical appearance is large (usually > 10 cm), solitary, encapsulated mass
- Peripheral hypervascular solid component
- Often has large complex, cystic spaces with focal hemorrhage
- Paradoxical appearance: Predominantly solid appearance on US and cystic-like appearance on CT/MR due to high water content of prominent myxoid stroma
- **Intrahepatic Pseudocyst**
- May dissect into liver along portal triads
- Intrahepatic pseudocyst usually has adjacent cyst in pancreatic head
- Check for imaging and clinical evidence of pancreatitis
- **Hepatic Inflammatory Pseudotumor**
- a.k.a. inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
- Relatively rare with variable appearance
- Usually resemble cholangiocarcinoma with delayed, persistent enhancement
- Rarely has multiseptate, cystic appearance
- **Ciliated Hepatic Foregut Cyst**
- Rare congenital anomaly
- Typically small (< 3 cm), cystic mass in segment IV of liver
- May appear complex or solid on US
## Images
### Selected Images
![Axial CECT in a 79-year-old woman shows a spherical liver mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with water density, homogeneous contents. No internal debris or wall irregularities are present.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_dd33f12a-c92e-44ca-9a42-e3ed0b27eb91_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_86fade005a0afd96e642545eb947db1844dcb402.jpg)
**Hepatic Cyst**
*Axial CECT in a 79-year-old woman shows a spherical liver mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with water density, homogeneous contents. No internal debris or wall irregularities are present.*
![Axial CECT in a 79-year-old woman shows a spherical liver mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with water density, homogeneous contents. No internal debris or wall irregularities are present.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_dd33f12a-c92e-44ca-9a42-e3ed0b27eb91_size_174_quality_85_db617327c258123a6e1dcca67ba84e53c206ee38.jpg)
**Hepatic Cyst**
*Axial CECT in a 79-year-old woman shows a spherical liver mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with water density, homogeneous contents. No internal debris or wall irregularities are present.*
![Axial CECT shows innumerable hepatic cysts of water attenuation and varying size, causing hepatomegaly. Only a few small renal cysts are present, and renal function is normal.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_b943a537-1ccb-4be7-bdce-5d72e77dda82_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_9903873866d8970198d6a07e726e8c519bdad1a6.jpg)
**Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Disease, Liver**
*Axial CECT shows innumerable hepatic cysts of water attenuation and varying size, causing hepatomegaly. Only a few small renal cysts are present, and renal function is normal.*
![Axial CECT shows a liver mass with innumerable septa and slightly higher than water density contents <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Needle aspiration yielded a small quantity of pus, and a catheter was inserted for drainage. The etiology was subacute diverticulitis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_609b0fc7-bda1-4325-877d-fad336154ed5_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_596e6060297a63d51ce9b2d60c92ea001f128ff8.jpg)
**Hepatic Pyogenic Abscess**
*Axial CECT shows a liver mass with innumerable septa and slightly higher than water density contents <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Needle aspiration yielded a small quantity of pus, and a catheter was inserted for drainage. The etiology was subacute diverticulitis.*
![Axial CECT in a 53-year-old man shows innumerable small, cystic lesions <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> throughout the liver, ranging in size from 2-15 mm. The lesions are often not perfectly spherical, and many have visible nodular enhancement within their walls.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_d56b5c7e-ff28-4ec0-a465-65a3045c595e_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_6fc08634f3a16ad3a5f2bad14c134c15f6622d11.jpg)
**Biliary Hamartomas**
*Axial CECT in a 53-year-old man shows innumerable small, cystic lesions <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> throughout the liver, ranging in size from 2-15 mm. The lesions are often not perfectly spherical, and many have visible nodular enhancement within their walls.*
![US shows only the lesions &gt; 10 mm as cystic structures <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>, while the smaller lesions are hyperechoic <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> to background liver. All are typical features of biliary hamartomas.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_4c827181-4c48-439c-a5cd-a7e79d02ce5b_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_607d7ca685079ba9b060ea55ad7c0776b60ae85c.jpg)
**Biliary Hamartomas**
*US shows only the lesions &gt; 10 mm as cystic structures <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>, while the smaller lesions are hyperechoic <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> to background liver. All are typical features of biliary hamartomas.*
![Coronal MRCP shows innumerable small, T2-hyperintense lesions that do not communicate with the biliary tree.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_63693af8-d44e-47fe-9e86-610fa74624ed_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_61f3a57cc7e0a7e9a6e2e5b7a70cbc7e90cee419.jpg)
**Biliary Hamartomas**
*Coronal MRCP shows innumerable small, T2-hyperintense lesions that do not communicate with the biliary tree.*
![Axial CECT shows several hypodense hepatic masses, including 1 cystic lesion <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>. The subtle mural nodule <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> is the clue that this is a neoplasm (metastatic thyroid cancer).](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_d0679796-e152-437e-92ad-489baa2acd92_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_1daba69179ee9c5998db371ddb41dbb62693c37a.jpg)
**Metastases, Hepatic**
*Axial CECT shows several hypodense hepatic masses, including 1 cystic lesion <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>. The subtle mural nodule <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> is the clue that this is a neoplasm (metastatic thyroid cancer).*
![Axial CECT shows a shaggy, encapsulated, solitary cystic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with nonenhancing contents, representing a typical amebic abscess. The imaging appearance, clinical presentation, and serology usually suffice for diagnosis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_748ace18-9b51-4f93-86a7-56fcd9dd9f6c_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_ec5d4adad708dc0bb2cf768f2acc5b2e6d76d8e9.jpg)
**Hepatic Amebic Abscess**
*Axial CECT shows a shaggy, encapsulated, solitary cystic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with nonenhancing contents, representing a typical amebic abscess. The imaging appearance, clinical presentation, and serology usually suffice for diagnosis.*
![Axial CECT 3 weeks after a blunt traumatic liver laceration shows a lobulated, cystic lesion <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> that represents a combination of walled-off bile and blood, also known, respectively, as biloma and seroma. Clinical history and comparison with prior CT scans provide confident diagnosis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_e2c598d8-be13-4f77-b3c9-3fbdd2089d27_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_3d64edbe25452bf80a5b0e9c7744cbddb0fccb8b.jpg)
**Biloma/Seroma**
*Axial CECT 3 weeks after a blunt traumatic liver laceration shows a lobulated, cystic lesion <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> that represents a combination of walled-off bile and blood, also known, respectively, as biloma and seroma. Clinical history and comparison with prior CT scans provide confident diagnosis.*
![Axial CECT in a febrile, immune-suppressed patient shows innumerable small, hypodense lesions in the liver with irregular walls. Other opportunistic hepatic infections may have a similar appearance.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_f5aba22b-6c6b-43c5-84e1-e61c2171a1fc_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_0cc5722756b7a3b9c1be5692d0b62084721a7a52.jpg)
**Hepatic Candidiasis**
*Axial CECT in a febrile, immune-suppressed patient shows innumerable small, hypodense lesions in the liver with irregular walls. Other opportunistic hepatic infections may have a similar appearance.*
![Coronal CECT in immigrant from Middle East shows 2 large, multiseptate, cystic masses <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Within outer pericyst are multiple daughter cysts or scolices. Imaging appearance, coupled with serology, is usually sufficient for diagnosis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_4d89fcb5-0600-4c83-acba-93f29a424d36_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_e5cbcfe790030dfb39a5ac36e85844cd4d149b38.jpg)
**Hepatic Hydatid Cyst**
*Coronal CECT in immigrant from Middle East shows 2 large, multiseptate, cystic masses <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Within outer pericyst are multiple daughter cysts or scolices. Imaging appearance, coupled with serology, is usually sufficient for diagnosis.*
![Coronal CECT in a middle-aged woman shows complex, cystic mass, lobulated margins, enhancing wall and septa <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. These findings with no other known tumor could be considered sufficiently diagnostic of biliary cystadenoma to warrant resection without further evaluation.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_58f9b8d1-ef81-400c-9592-97d498592f12_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_ee4b3eeb6ec6c8ccabdc29393813fcdf3686dccb.jpg)
**Biliary Cystadenoma/Carcinoma**
*Coronal CECT in a middle-aged woman shows complex, cystic mass, lobulated margins, enhancing wall and septa <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. These findings with no other known tumor could be considered sufficiently diagnostic of biliary cystadenoma to warrant resection without further evaluation.*
![Axial CECT of biliary IPMN with cholangiocarcinoma shows dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and a cystic mass <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>. ERCP showed opacification of the cyst with contrast and the presence of surface nodularity within the bile ducts.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_cc11ebc8-9f37-4524-be5b-8c5c4eab1d6b_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_36010feecff4bd16eba521de515b0f6ade592a50.jpg)
**Biliary Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm**
*Axial CECT of biliary IPMN with cholangiocarcinoma shows dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and a cystic mass <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>. ERCP showed opacification of the cyst with contrast and the presence of surface nodularity within the bile ducts.*
![Axial CECT in a woman with portal hypertension due to congenital hepatic fibrosis and Caroli disease shows splenomegaly, varices <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>, and multiple hepatic cysts. These represent dilated intrahepatic bile ducts, draped around the central dot of accompanying portal veins <img src='img/arrows/CS.png' alt='cyan solid arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_3ecd123c-87be-4556-94e3-50a90ab28330_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_fa5aad2dfb99e7efac6acef45b59ee86303ff0dd.jpg)
**Caroli Disease**
*Axial CECT in a woman with portal hypertension due to congenital hepatic fibrosis and Caroli disease shows splenomegaly, varices <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>, and multiple hepatic cysts. These represent dilated intrahepatic bile ducts, draped around the central dot of accompanying portal veins <img src='img/arrows/CS.png' alt='cyan solid arrow'/>.*
![Coronal CECT in a man with RUQ pain shows a huge, multiseptate, cystic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with enhancing peripheral components. Intraperitoneal blood <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> was due to capsular rupture of this undifferentiated primary hepatic sarcoma.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_2de321ce-02c1-4194-a1fd-df149db9c199_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_9e55635672b028426b1de594288cb1264f382eb2.jpg)
**Undifferentiated Hepatic Sarcoma**
*Coronal CECT in a man with RUQ pain shows a huge, multiseptate, cystic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with enhancing peripheral components. Intraperitoneal blood <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> was due to capsular rupture of this undifferentiated primary hepatic sarcoma.*
![Axial T2 MR in a 29-year-old woman with a solid-appearing mass on US shows a complex, cystic-appearing mass in segment 4 that had no enhancement on other sequences. Resection proved ciliated hepatic foregut cyst.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_cd601687-99c5-447c-a59c-5ffde7a5d349_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_7c86ccb6cf7d71cad033156e10fb00bdf8e6b3bd.jpg)
**Ciliated Hepatic Foregut Cyst**
*Axial T2 MR in a 29-year-old woman with a solid-appearing mass on US shows a complex, cystic-appearing mass in segment 4 that had no enhancement on other sequences. Resection proved ciliated hepatic foregut cyst.*
### Additional Images
![Axial CECT shows an unusually large, simple hepatic cyst that caused compression and obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_82d6f7d6-a8a8-4c54-9bd4-ba7ec1366d94_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_3f83cf98ba2e90ed0803b6b458c759c555b97b4a.jpg)
**Hepatic Cyst**
*Axial CECT shows an unusually large, simple hepatic cyst that caused compression and obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.*
![Axial T2 FS MR shows several large, contiguous hepatic cysts. Hemorrhage within the cysts accounts for decreased signal intensity within portions of the cysts <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_5702a8fd-e272-450e-a43b-5ec776ffb921_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_eafc8645f56a443653dc0f09ef04c20fcf514ef2.jpg)
**Hepatic Cyst**
*Axial T2 FS MR shows several large, contiguous hepatic cysts. Hemorrhage within the cysts accounts for decreased signal intensity within portions of the cysts <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.*
![Axial CECT shows an irregular cystic lesion within a transplanted liver. This is a biloma with biliary necrosis as a result of hepatic artery thrombosis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_0ef36644-27ee-48b5-8a55-7763edd1a4c9_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_24922b313dad23d9fa1c45119cb5c52c3df49016.jpg)
**Biloma/Seroma**
*Axial CECT shows an irregular cystic lesion within a transplanted liver. This is a biloma with biliary necrosis as a result of hepatic artery thrombosis.*
![Axial CECT shows dilated bile ducts, peribiliary hepatic fluid, and a cystic biloma in a liver allograft, as a result of hepatic artery thrombosis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_13e37550-13c8-467b-a0cf-93b2f09ada05_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_fce137f49cc5846d56c03654ebbc78b780067915.jpg)
**Biloma/Seroma**
*Axial CECT shows dilated bile ducts, peribiliary hepatic fluid, and a cystic biloma in a liver allograft, as a result of hepatic artery thrombosis.*
![Axial CECT shows a heterogeneous, solid mass in the left lobe (that subsequently underwent cystic necrosis with treatment). This was found to be metastatic gastric GIST.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_6ff00975-474d-448d-84ac-f60fe7007846_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_ba69a79ac151c66eadaf5146dbabbce9ba7ae83d.jpg)
**Metastases, Hepatic**
*Axial CECT shows a heterogeneous, solid mass in the left lobe (that subsequently underwent cystic necrosis with treatment). This was found to be metastatic gastric GIST.*
![Axial CECT shows a cystic lesion in the left lobe. This is a metastatic gastric GIST that responded to Gleevec therapy with complete necrosis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_646611f8-4391-42ad-b5b8-7368e4c4cef8_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_7f097fdd4ab616e15a437422549652c756ca4170.jpg)
**Metastases, Hepatic**
*Axial CECT shows a cystic lesion in the left lobe. This is a metastatic gastric GIST that responded to Gleevec therapy with complete necrosis.*
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
---
title: "Focal Liver Lesion With Hemorrhage"
docid: "5e6be44f-07d3-4569-abe3-798d7513fe41"
authors:
- key: "6c5a9e0e-9dea-461b-9ad4-c00f5c4c2bbf"
value: "Atif Zaheer, MD, FSAR"
- key: "e987d3d3-1206-48d6-824b-3347c2968855"
value: "Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR"
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treeNodeId: null
category: "Gastrointestinal"
documentVersionId: "064d4855-c1ec-4e1b-be48-f200fa59ea40"
imageCount: 23
lastUpdated: "09/15/22"
pageDescription: "Focal Liver Lesion With Hemorrhage"
pageKeywords: "Gastrointestinal, Differential Diagnosis, Liver, Generic Imaging Patterns, Focal Liver Lesion With Hemorrhage"
pageTitle: "Focal Liver Lesion With Hemorrhage | STATdx"
enhancedTitle: "Focal Liver Lesion With Hemorrhage"
type: "DDX"
breadcrumbs:
- "Gastrointestinal"
- "Differential Diagnosis"
- "Liver"
- "Generic Imaging Patterns"
- "Focal Liver Lesion With Hemorrhage"
---
## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION
- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues
- Hemorrhage may be detected as heterogeneous high attenuation (> 60 HU on NECT), or high-intensity foci on T1WI and T2WI
- Bleeding may include subcapsular and intraperitoneal extension
- ### Helpful Clues for Common Diagnoses
- **Hepatic Trauma**
- Blunt or penetrating (including biopsies, TIPS, etc.)
- Hepatic lacerations usually have linear or stellate configuration
- Location: Right lobe (75%), left lobe (25%)
- Best imaging tool: Dual-phase CT in hemodynamically stable patients
- **Hepatic Adenoma**
- Foci of hemorrhage within tumor is common feature on MR, less common on CT
- Spontaneous bleeding within or around hepatic mass in young female without cirrhosis is almost diagnostic of adenoma
- Other signs of adenoma
- Lipid or fat content
- Multiplicity
- Encapsulation
- **Hepatocellular Carcinoma**
- Spontaneous hemorrhage within tumor is uncommon
- Spontaneous rupture through capsule is relatively common for large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
- Other signs of HCC
- Occurrence within cirrhotic liver
- Hypervascularity with washout
- Encapsulation
- **Hepatic Cyst**
- Isolated or part of autosomal dominant polycystic disease
- Clotted blood in cyst may be mistaken for tumor but will not show enhancement
- ### Helpful Clues for Less Common Diagnoses
- **Coagulopathic Hemorrhage, Liver**
- Spontaneous intrahepatic or perihepatic hemorrhage is rare manifestation of coagulopathy or anticoagulant therapy
- Spherical hematoma within liver may simulate tumor
- Others signs of coagulopathic hemorrhage
- Hematocrit sign (fluid level) within hematoma
- Multiple sites of bleeding
- Favored sites: Iliopsoas and rectus muscles
- **Hepatic Metastases**
- Hemorrhage is uncommon, usually associated with hypervascular metastases
- May occur following chemotherapy or transhepatic ablation of metastatic lesions
- Most commonly: Lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, and melanoma
- **HELLP Syndrome**
- Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets
- Severe variation of toxemia of pregnancy
- Intrahepatic or subcapsular fluid collection (hematoma)
- Occasionally active extravasation
- Wedge-shaped areas of infarction
- **Amyloidosis**
- Hepatocellular rupture extremely rare
## Images
### Selected Images
![Axial CECT in a trauma victim shows a broad hepatic laceration <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with foci of active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> and hemoperitoneum <img src='img/arrows/CS.png' alt='cyan solid arrow'/>. Note adjacent rib fractures <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_9eb7f242-5e3e-4e79-a870-5d9ff10a76d5_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_dd4edbddd5d65fd61e60cab6b67142538cbb4104.jpg)
**Hepatic Trauma**
*Axial CECT in a trauma victim shows a broad hepatic laceration <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with foci of active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> and hemoperitoneum <img src='img/arrows/CS.png' alt='cyan solid arrow'/>. Note adjacent rib fractures <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>.*
![Axial CECT in a trauma victim shows a broad hepatic laceration <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with foci of active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> and hemoperitoneum <img src='img/arrows/CS.png' alt='cyan solid arrow'/>. Note adjacent rib fractures <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_9eb7f242-5e3e-4e79-a870-5d9ff10a76d5_size_174_quality_85_fa63e6d2f906f4f198469ad57aaa77bcf1db0412.jpg)
**Hepatic Trauma**
*Axial CECT in a trauma victim shows a broad hepatic laceration <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> with foci of active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> and hemoperitoneum <img src='img/arrows/CS.png' alt='cyan solid arrow'/>. Note adjacent rib fractures <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>.*
![Axial NECT in a patient with a falling hematocrit following liver biopsy shows high-density blood in a linear tract deep within the liver <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>, representing the biopsy site and depth. Also note the extension as a subcapsular hematoma, the lentiform collection lateral to the liver <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_ed74d38e-8785-4a8f-9a12-8981eeaeff39_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_bde4c179dcf00a9457ef658993068039df2848d4.jpg)
**Hepatic Trauma**
*Axial NECT in a patient with a falling hematocrit following liver biopsy shows high-density blood in a linear tract deep within the liver <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>, representing the biopsy site and depth. Also note the extension as a subcapsular hematoma, the lentiform collection lateral to the liver <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/>.*
![Axial CECT in a young woman shows a hypervascular mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> in the right lobe with a large, spontaneous subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_6157b1ff-79dc-4bd9-8b91-dbcd72bc05ce_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_08f19114646a90b545dcf2f0b658469c1dfffa6b.jpg)
**Hepatic Adenoma**
*Axial CECT in a young woman shows a hypervascular mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> in the right lobe with a large, spontaneous subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/>.*
![Axial NECT in a young woman with acute pain shows a mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> in the lateral segment with high-attenuation material <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> centrally due to an acute hematoma.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_d2328e73-60b8-4e78-977f-01dac06d4531_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_63a1ab55c502249d4eef04922bf5a4beb1853afb.jpg)
**Hepatic Adenoma**
*Axial NECT in a young woman with acute pain shows a mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> in the lateral segment with high-attenuation material <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> centrally due to an acute hematoma.*
![Axial T1 MR in a young woman shows a hepatic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> containing several hyperintense foci <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> that represent hemorrhage. The foci were hyperintense on T2 as well, distinguishing hemorrhage from fat as the etiology.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_1cf033db-b1ca-4c4a-b4c7-11e17310af43_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_24f70c0c5b99851b20dc1326f55eda496fefabbf.jpg)
**Hepatic Adenoma**
*Axial T1 MR in a young woman shows a hepatic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> containing several hyperintense foci <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> that represent hemorrhage. The foci were hyperintense on T2 as well, distinguishing hemorrhage from fat as the etiology.*
![Arterial-phase CECT in a man with cirrhosis and sudden right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain shows tumor vessels within a poorly defined, hypervascular mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Ascites and a sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/> overlying the hepatic mass are seen. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma was the etiology.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_a5e6ae2f-bc56-4c97-a4bf-9695fbad9913_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_d0c8ac95f028f248a9a8ff5dd561be60d46fed73.jpg)
**Hepatocellular Carcinoma**
*Arterial-phase CECT in a man with cirrhosis and sudden right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain shows tumor vessels within a poorly defined, hypervascular mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Ascites and a sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/CC.png' alt='cyan curved arrow'/> overlying the hepatic mass are seen. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma was the etiology.*
![Arterial-phase CECT in the same patient shows part of the hypervascular mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>, as well as the ascites and sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> overlying the site of the capsular rupture. A catheter angiogram confirmed bleeding hepatocellular carcinoma. It was treated with coil embolization.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_d057904d-d7bf-498b-ae4e-a53469387fe3_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_f8cbc14fc4795ac56fd4e062bc05bee30d5c9617.jpg)
**Hepatocellular Carcinoma**
*Arterial-phase CECT in the same patient shows part of the hypervascular mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>, as well as the ascites and sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> overlying the site of the capsular rupture. A catheter angiogram confirmed bleeding hepatocellular carcinoma. It was treated with coil embolization.*
![Axial NECT in a 60-year-old man with alcoholic liver disease and sudden RUQ pain shows a hyperdense sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> within and around the liver as well as a spherical hepatic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_71cfd466-fcfb-456e-bd27-7cc7351e06a7_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_afbbf2c15c125bddafde0921143123eb1d285cdb.jpg)
**Hepatocellular Carcinoma**
*Axial NECT in a 60-year-old man with alcoholic liver disease and sudden RUQ pain shows a hyperdense sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> within and around the liver as well as a spherical hepatic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.*
![Coronal CECT in a woman with cirrhosis and sudden RUQ pain shows a heterogeneous, encapsulated mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> that was hyperdense on arterial phase. There is generalized ascites but also a sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> over the mass, indicating the source of bleeding.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_2005f8cb-30c2-4c1e-b3f8-8b1a15de8f70_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_3ef75c5a4fe5ac359233a05ca6b83e4e1116f870.jpg)
**Hepatocellular Carcinoma**
*Coronal CECT in a woman with cirrhosis and sudden RUQ pain shows a heterogeneous, encapsulated mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> that was hyperdense on arterial phase. There is generalized ascites but also a sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> over the mass, indicating the source of bleeding.*
![Axial CECT shows a large mass with a thin wall, characteristic of a simple cyst. Within the cyst is a heterogeneous focus of higher attenuation <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>, suggestive of acute hemorrhage. Other sections showed hemorrhagic ascites.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_15c7ae4e-c15b-44bc-8e63-676ae487bf4e_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_527da51f34f0c589c89cc10fee1efce475d4e6b0.jpg)
**Hepatic Cyst**
*Axial CECT shows a large mass with a thin wall, characteristic of a simple cyst. Within the cyst is a heterogeneous focus of higher attenuation <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>, suggestive of acute hemorrhage. Other sections showed hemorrhagic ascites.*
![Grayscale ultrasound shows a hepatic cyst <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> containing a heterogeneous organizing hematoma with fibrin strands <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_e0a89728-3c6a-40ab-aaef-b00e5b602571_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_9eb61a9db1c2a8d7eec42eba2cb1e94e74d692cc.jpg)
**Hepatic Cyst**
*Grayscale ultrasound shows a hepatic cyst <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> containing a heterogeneous organizing hematoma with fibrin strands <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>.*
![Axial FS T2 MR shows a large, complex cystic mass with dependent settling of material <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> that is hypointense on T2, indicating subacute hemorrhage.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_960089dc-f7bc-4de1-9f0a-93cf67c60ab1_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_a832b124ecbe0108919f10d7d639c8fea1ed7033.jpg)
**Hepatic Cyst**
*Axial FS T2 MR shows a large, complex cystic mass with dependent settling of material <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> that is hypointense on T2, indicating subacute hemorrhage.*
![Axial T1 GRE opposed-phase MR shows many cysts within an enlarged liver. Many of the cysts are of water intensity <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/> (dark on this T1), while others <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> are bright, due to hemorrhage.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_43e3b8cd-67cd-4b60-b8fd-6f1896fc9aaf_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_a1066bedeb7b00081e76bf2d7d58b48e9f2a4ed1.jpg)
**Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Disease, Liver**
*Axial T1 GRE opposed-phase MR shows many cysts within an enlarged liver. Many of the cysts are of water intensity <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/> (dark on this T1), while others <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> are bright, due to hemorrhage.*
![Axial CECT shows signs of coagulopathic hemorrhage, including the hematocrit sign <img src='img/arrows/BO.png' alt='black open arrow'/>, active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/BC.png' alt='black curved arrow'/>, and multiple sites of bleeding, including hepatic <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> and renal <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_8ee4c117-7d86-4689-914e-061501207fb9_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_078a6c0a25b221613c305340a16b362041b37303.jpg)
**Coagulopathic Hemorrhage, Liver**
*Axial CECT shows signs of coagulopathic hemorrhage, including the hematocrit sign <img src='img/arrows/BO.png' alt='black open arrow'/>, active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/BC.png' alt='black curved arrow'/>, and multiple sites of bleeding, including hepatic <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> and renal <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.*
![Axial CECT in a patient who was taking anticoagulant medication shows hepatic defects that resemble fracture planes <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/>, but there was no history of trauma. A subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/> and hemoperitoneum are also shown. All findings resolved with withdrawal of the medication. No underlying hepatic mass or other pathology was found.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_9e09f4b2-8416-4643-beb1-e86dccac6f2a_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_1bbb3b1437af139c1bd426a6507cc2bd19d30f21.jpg)
**Coagulopathic Hemorrhage, Liver**
*Axial CECT in a patient who was taking anticoagulant medication shows hepatic defects that resemble fracture planes <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/>, but there was no history of trauma. A subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/> and hemoperitoneum are also shown. All findings resolved with withdrawal of the medication. No underlying hepatic mass or other pathology was found.*
![Axial CECT shows a large metastatic lesion in the liver <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> from a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with a subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> from spontaneous bleeding.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_495b5346-5c7c-4f0f-8416-acf26172348f_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_ae9068080b94f4acd54c009f16c7e9c32e230d00.jpg)
**Hepatic Metastases**
*Axial CECT shows a large metastatic lesion in the liver <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> from a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with a subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> from spontaneous bleeding.*
![Axial CECT in a 55-year-old man with melanoma shows metastasis to the liver <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> that is peculiarly heterogeneous and high density, perhaps indicating bleeding within the metastasis.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_2719f1b6-8fd6-45f2-96d9-dc029c182958_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_e4bdfa57d19138d828865c825ee89c2986bc3e93.jpg)
**Hepatic Metastases**
*Axial CECT in a 55-year-old man with melanoma shows metastasis to the liver <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> that is peculiarly heterogeneous and high density, perhaps indicating bleeding within the metastasis.*
![Axial CECT in a patient with metastatic melanoma and acute RUQ pain shows a hepatic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Immediately adjacent to this metastasis is a heterogeneous sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/>, strongly suggesting bleeding from the metastases. Also noted is an extensive hemoperitoneum <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/> with an attenuation of 35 HU.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_01e5a5d6-1d8e-4148-87bf-11268aba4ea7_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_283b7af8696e9ce433f8f3a74d935cffae25b999.jpg)
**Hepatic Metastases**
*Axial CECT in a patient with metastatic melanoma and acute RUQ pain shows a hepatic mass <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>. Immediately adjacent to this metastasis is a heterogeneous sentinel clot <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/>, strongly suggesting bleeding from the metastases. Also noted is an extensive hemoperitoneum <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/> with an attenuation of 35 HU.*
![Axial CECT in a young woman with toxemia and sudden RUQ pain shows a massive subcapsular and perihepatic hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/>, along with active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> and heterogeneous enhancement of the hepatic parenchyma <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_a691859d-7a29-4e2d-bd6c-749e1b250ddf_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_69f127e2c3314304ba13adce56e38adcab0130dc.jpg)
**HELLP Syndrome**
*Axial CECT in a young woman with toxemia and sudden RUQ pain shows a massive subcapsular and perihepatic hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/>, along with active bleeding <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> and heterogeneous enhancement of the hepatic parenchyma <img src='img/arrows/WO.png' alt='white open arrow'/>.*
![Axial CECT in a postpartum woman with RUQ pain shows a large, subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> and hepatic infarcts <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_7f2d9491-4d9b-4ce4-b1b3-b380217a3b82_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_8037ccddb6e3d62cd1340d18ec3b3c05092fdfa1.jpg)
**HELLP Syndrome**
*Axial CECT in a postpartum woman with RUQ pain shows a large, subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/WC.png' alt='white curved arrow'/> and hepatic infarcts <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/>.*
### Additional Images
![Axial NECT shows a deep linear focus of hyperdensity <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> and a subcapsular collection of similar appearance. The hematoma was due to a percutaneous liver biopsy.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_68f31777-4f02-4770-a1c0-42c46ad2ed72_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_216a43f7b7a93b77376ec9a11b753c5bee8beafa.jpg)
**Hepatic Trauma**
*Axial NECT shows a deep linear focus of hyperdensity <img src='img/arrows/WS.png' alt='white solid arrow'/> and a subcapsular collection of similar appearance. The hematoma was due to a percutaneous liver biopsy.*
![Axial T1 FS MR shows peripheral foci of hyperintensity <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> on T1 that remained hyperintense on T2, indicating hemorrhage. This was hepatic adenoma.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_627689eb-2b45-41d1-955e-9119957fdd32_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_bbfb4395ce5ea074ca309b2dcbb16b2e4a8c93de.jpg)
**Hepatic Adenoma**
*Axial T1 FS MR shows peripheral foci of hyperintensity <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/> on T1 that remained hyperintense on T2, indicating hemorrhage. This was hepatic adenoma.*
![In this woman with HELLP syndrome and spontaneous bleeding, a selective hepatic arteriogram indirectly shows the subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/BC.png' alt='black curved arrow'/> as the liver is displaced medially. It also shows multiple foci of active hemorrhage <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/>, which were treated with coil embolization.](images/app.statdx.com_image_thumbnail_7374addb-3b50-4a87-8b56-21467977ed0b_annotated_true_size_900_quality_90_8730b97610504026b21100fa979b9570ac82799e.jpg)
**HELLP Syndrome**
*In this woman with HELLP syndrome and spontaneous bleeding, a selective hepatic arteriogram indirectly shows the subcapsular hematoma <img src='img/arrows/BC.png' alt='black curved arrow'/> as the liver is displaced medially. It also shows multiple foci of active hemorrhage <img src='img/arrows/BS.png' alt='black solid arrow'/>, which were treated with coil embolization.*
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