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"docid": "299a5990-1805-4018-85b5-191d8416385b",
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"snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Lobes\n \n \n - Frontal lobe\n - Extends to central sulcus\n - Separated inferiorly & laterally from temporal lobe by sylvian fissure (a.k.a. lateral sulcus)\n - Parietal lobe\n - Medially separated from occipital lobe by parietooccipital sulcus...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/brain_080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500.md",
"title": "Brain",
"docid": "080771c2-02f3-408d-ad70-04a80d849500",
"breadcrumbs": [
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"key": "961f3a7f-ad62-43bc-98f4-5116b17ab812",
"value": "Paula J. Woodward, MD, FSRU"
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],
"pageKeywords": "Ultrasound, Anatomy, Brain and Spine, Brain",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Supratentorial Structures\n \n \n - **Gyri**: Complex convolutions of brain cortex; hypoechoic on ultrasound (US)\n - **Sulci**(fissure): CSF-filled grooves or clefts that separate gyri; echogenic on US\n - Sulci separate gyri, **fissures** separate hemispheres/l...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/attention-control-network_a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f.md",
"title": "Attention Control Network",
"docid": "a1bedda5-6478-40b2-98e7-6c5f5363b06f",
"breadcrumbs": [
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Attention Control Network",
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"snippet": "\n# IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ## Overview\n \n \n - Attention control network is a constellation of distributed brain networks processing attention to external stimuli and symbols\n - Many aliases: Task-positive network, frontoparietal network, executive control network, and central executive netw...",
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"title": "Default Mode Network",
"docid": "a29f7551-d39d-4deb-933e-b8d2816168c3",
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Functional MRI, Functional Network Anatomy, Default Mode Network",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Set of brain regions activated during stimulus-independent thought\n - Includes 3 subnetworks: Dorsal medial prefrontal, medial temporal, and core hubs\n - Dorsal medial prefrontal subsystem: Introspection of mental states of others (theory o...",
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"title": "Functional Network Overview",
"docid": "7b97f239-0f6f-4809-ac44-594cdf4842d5",
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Functional MRI, Functional Network Anatomy, Functional Network Overview",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Numerous proposed brain network parcellations show similar features, with at least 5 core networks common across methods\n- ### Default Mode Network\n \n \n - Regions: Posterior cingulate/precuneus, medial prefrontal, inferior parietal (temporoparieta...",
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"title": "Functional Network Overview",
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Functional Network Overview",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Numerous proposed brain network parcellations show similar features with at least 5 core networks common across methods\n- ### Default Mode Network\n \n \n - Regions: Posterior cingulate/precuneus, medial prefrontal, inferior parietal (temporoparietal...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/social-brain-anatomy_0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca.md",
"title": "Social Brain Anatomy",
"docid": "0352d34a-5966-494e-b9c3-c26bde257bca",
"breadcrumbs": [
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Brain Network Anatomy, Social Brain Anatomy",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - A distributed set of brain regions are thought to participate in social cognition, each contributing functionality to specific social interactions\n- ### Anatomy Relationships\n \n \n - Mirror neuron system: Set of neurons in premotor cortex, suppleme...",
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"title": "Thalamus",
"docid": "b7f0cd6b-4ba2-4ed4-8dd0-5ca56d9ae92b",
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Supratentorial Brain Anatomy, Thalamus",
"reasons": [
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],
"snippet": "\n## GROSS ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Part of diencephalon\n - Bilateral structures subdivided into multiple nuclei\n - Reciprocal thalamocortical projections\n - Tonic firing, bursting mode in wakefulness and sleep\n - All thalamic nuclei contain many inhibitory interneurons (...",
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"title": "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)",
"docid": "84176f2c-fc9d-4497-8af9-1430b9f0187c",
"breadcrumbs": [
"Brain",
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"Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations",
"Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)"
],
"authors": [
{
"key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6",
"value": "Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA"
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders, Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)",
"reasons": [
"Linked (Diff Diag of Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction)"
],
"snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Cerebrovascular autoregulatory disorder\n - Many etiologies with HTN as common component\n - Preeclampsia, eclampsia\n - Drug toxicity (e.g., chemotherapy)\n - Uremic encephalopathies\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - General\n -...",
"linked_info": {
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},
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"links": [
{
"title": "Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction",
"docid": "7a3ed4a9-ae05-4d64-ae8e-6a30105501e1"
},
{
"title": "Hypoglycemia",
"docid": "bd221c1a-5b9c-4213-a0e1-df38acc3bd62"
},
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"title": "Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome",
"docid": "c3a19be2-1f91-4dcb-b63a-cbfdaeaca5c1"
},
{
"title": "Status Epilepticus",
"docid": "bb0430ba-9933-40b4-a95b-97ca85070486"
},
{
"title": "Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome",
"docid": "2c495cde-3ebe-494c-8987-d0a6dd61a065"
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"path": "docs_md/articles/brainstem-overview_bf889ffb-646b-429d-8699-d9bd34e8e193.md",
"title": "Brainstem Overview",
"docid": "bf889ffb-646b-429d-8699-d9bd34e8e193",
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"value": "Lubdha M. Shah, MD"
}
],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Brainstem Overview",
"reasons": [
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],
"snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Main components\n - Cranial nerve nuclei\n - Long tracts\n - Cerebellar connections\n - Reticular formation\n - Midbrain\n - Rostral limit: Brainstem meets thalamus and hypothalamus at level of tentorium cerebe...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/cerebellar-overview_b624e76f-15b9-4c1f-910e-8f5581ac2cfe.md",
"title": "Cerebellar Overview",
"docid": "b624e76f-15b9-4c1f-910e-8f5581ac2cfe",
"breadcrumbs": [
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Cerebellar Overview",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## IMAGING ANATOMY\n\n- ### Overview\n \n \n - Cerebellum is composed of cortical gray matter surrounding subcortical white matter\n - Primary fissure divides anterior & posterior lobes\n - Anterior lobe: Lingula, lobulus centralis, culmen\n - 10 lobules at midline, 8 lobules in each he...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/pons_fc185efd-1f7a-4804-95f6-a49d0fa8aefb.md",
"title": "Pons",
"docid": "fc185efd-1f7a-4804-95f6-a49d0fa8aefb",
"breadcrumbs": [
"Brain",
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"authors": [
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"key": "4d7b64a2-00bd-47b1-9e98-1f3bd129a877",
"value": "Giuseppe Barisano, MD"
},
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"key": "8d5254e9-8dda-478b-8f08-bdee97a32c79",
"value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR"
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Pons",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Abbreviations\n \n \n - Cerebellopontine angle (CPA)\n - Cranial nerves (CN): Trigeminal nerve (CNV), abducens nerve (CNVI), facial nerve (CNVII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)\n- ### Definitions\n \n \n - Pons: Portion of brainstem that relays information from brain t...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/cerebellum_277bd2bc-3694-4712-a040-f69956b0b4ff.md",
"title": "Cerebellum",
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"breadcrumbs": [
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"value": "Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR"
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],
"pageKeywords": "Brain, Anatomy, Infratentorial Brain, Cerebellum",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## TERMINOLOGY\n\n- ### Synonyms\n \n \n - Classic nomenclature (simplified nomenclature): Superior (tentorial), inferior (suboccipital), anterior (petrosal) cerebellar surfaces\n - Primary (tentorial), horizontal (petrosal), prebiventral/prepyramidal (suboccipital) cerebellar fissures\n- ### Defi...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/enlarged-perivascular-spaces_24c4b347-098b-48a2-9ff9-2b4ed9563cf8.md",
"title": "Enlarged Perivascular Spaces",
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"pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts, Enlarged Perivascular Spaces",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Perivascular spaces (PVSs): Pial-lined, interstitial fluid (ISF)-filled structures\n - Accompany penetrating arteries, draining veins\n - Can occur anywhere ,but most common = basal ganglia (BG)\n - Other = midbrain, thalami, subco...",
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{
"title": "Lacunar Infarction",
"docid": "03672bd8-67c2-4d2c-96fd-c21347f28cce"
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"title": "Cystic Neoplasm",
"docid": "55946978-4764-4b29-acbb-c6bd805caee9"
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"title": "Neurocysticercosis",
"docid": "fc7b01a2-45a4-432a-ad8e-c6bd999fa20a"
},
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"title": "Cryptococcosis",
"docid": "083d69de-cf29-4bf4-a491-80e2a562a53c"
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{
"title": "Hydatid cysts often unilocular, almost all in children",
"docid": "0af9a9f4-d45c-428b-bdf4-9534f84268e8"
},
{
"title": "Neuroglial Cyst",
"docid": "496dec2d-7278-4398-95c3-40aa82da0bc6"
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"path": "docs_md/articles/neurocysticercosis_fc7b01a2-45a4-432a-ad8e-c6bd999fa20a.md",
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"docid": "fc7b01a2-45a4-432a-ad8e-c6bd999fa20a",
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"key": "a25c450b-3d34-4f64-bba3-cc0834813df6",
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"pageKeywords": "Brain, Diagnosis, Pathology-Based Diagnoses, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Diseases, Acquired Infections, Neurocysticercosis",
"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Intracranial parasitic infection caused by pork tapeworm *Taenia solium*\n - 4 pathologic stages: **Vesicular**, **colloidal vesicular**, **granular nodular**, and **nodular calcified**\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - Best diagnostic clue: Cyst with \"do...",
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"title": "Ventricles and Choroid Plexus",
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"title": "Cranial Nerves Overview",
"docid": "1edc42e3-5c31-42b9-b8b8-44cc3bd38432"
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"title": "Cranial Nerves Overview",
"docid": "170ad135-ca16-497a-80de-5a24b9ca2f47"
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"title": "Subarachnoid Spaces/Cisterns",
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"links": [
{
"title": "Abscess",
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"title": "Tuberculosis",
"docid": "02e003d4-80b1-408d-9685-61f60637993e"
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"title": "Arachnoid Cyst",
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"title": "Enlarged Perivascular Spaces",
"docid": "24c4b347-098b-48a2-9ff9-2b4ed9563cf8"
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"title": "Other Parasitic Infection",
"docid": "cb3e6f5c-637e-4deb-9ef9-9273738484de"
},
{
"title": "Differential Diagnosis",
"docid": "2d4779d1-8223-42ed-86fc-f2e35136ebbb"
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{
"title": "Prepontine Cistern Mass",
"docid": "e0f71196-85c7-411c-9c71-e2606b2ee52f"
},
{
"title": "Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion",
"docid": "384912cc-94d4-4d58-89bb-f378acf18b4d"
},
{
"title": "Cystic CPA Mass",
"docid": "6c60db6d-8093-4df5-8cbb-c6f6570ae167"
},
{
"title": "Meckel Cave Lesion",
"docid": "9c5ce268-caf8-4d2a-9735-9b415ad3c9c3"
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{
"title": "Differential Diagnosis",
"docid": "86c95889-d542-4617-8dd6-d345255dede9"
},
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"title": "Ring-Enhancing Lesions",
"docid": "3463ac7a-c216-4fbd-aa73-03166a6ebc52"
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}
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Lesions causing injury to CNIX-XII are found anywhere along nerve's course from medulla to end organ\n - CNIX & CNXII remain suprahyoid\n - CNX & CNXI course infrahyoid\n - CNX in carotid s...",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Overall statistics\n - In > 95% of cases, **arterial vascular loop** is cause of hemifacial spasm (HFS)\n - All other causes listed account for < 5% of cases\n - HFS\n - Definition: Segmental myo...",
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"snippet": "\n# ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ## Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Overall statistics\n - In > 95% of cases, **arterial vascular loop** is cause of hemifacial spasm (HFS)\n - All other causes listed account for < 5% of cases\n - HFS\n - Definition: Segmental myocl...",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Cranial nerves supply 6 extraocular muscles\n - CNIII: All muscles but superior oblique (CNIV) & lateral rectus (CNVI)\n - CNIII, IV, VI all have brainstem, cisternal, cavernous sinus (CS), & orbital components\n...",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Peripheral facial nerve paralysis\n - Definition: Unilateral facial nerve injury between pontine motor nucleus & proximal extracranial facial nerve trunk after it emerges from stylomastoid foramen\n ...",
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"path": "docs_md/articles/vocal-cord-paralysis-right_b8a07cab-5427-4efe-b55d-2460fec053db.md",
"title": "Vocal Cord Paralysis (Right)",
"docid": "b8a07cab-5427-4efe-b55d-2460fec053db",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Right vagus nerve (CNX) extends from brainstem nuclei to level of clavicle\n - Right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) arises from CNX anterior to right subclavian artery (SCA), then passes beneath SCA over lung ape...",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical terminology\n - Homonymous hemianopsia (HH) = blindness in ipsilateral 1/2 of visual field\n - Sectoranopia = loss of vision in sector of visual field\n - Incongruous HH = incomplete or as...",
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"title": "Trigeminal Neuralgia",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Overall statistics\n - 80-90% are due to vascular compression of cisternal segment of CNV at root entry zone\n - ~ 90% arterial vascular loop\n - Superior cerebellar arter...",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - **Neuropathy vs. neuralgia**\n - Trigeminal neuropathy refers to dysfunction of CNV, sensory or motor\n - Numbness in skin &/or mucosal membranes in distribution of CNV or one of its branches\n ...",
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"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Disorders of peroxisome biosynthesis, assembly, and biochemical functions\n - Varying phenotypes reflect degree of dysfunction\n - Severe: Zellweger syndrome (ZS)\n - Moderate: Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD)\n - Mild: Infan...",
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"snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - SAH caused by ruptured aneurysm (aSAH)\n - Saccular (SA) > > dissecting aneurysm (DA)\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - CT/CTA\n - Hyperdense cisterns/sulci on NECT\n - Within 6 hours after ictus, sensitivity ~ 100%\n - Dis...",
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{
"title": "Brain",
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{
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{
"title": "Normal Aging Brain",
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{
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"reasons": [
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],
"snippet": "\n## KEY FACTS\n\n- ### Terminology\n \n \n - Diffusely infiltrating glioma with\n - Entity-defining*IDH1* or *IDH2* mutation + codeletion of chromosome arms 1p, 19q\n- ### Imaging\n \n \n - General features\n - Cortical/subcortical mass with ill-defined borders\n - > 95% sup...",
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical features to consider\n - Normal corpus callosum (CC) varies in thickness & shape\n - Associated anomalies portend worse prognosis\n - If not congenital anomaly, clinical history is crucial...",
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"reasons": [
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"snippet": "\n## ESSENTIAL INFORMATION\n\n- ### Key Differential Diagnosis Issues\n \n \n - Clinical features to consider\n - History of trauma: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)\n - Seizure, infection: Transient cytotoxic splenial lesion\n - Prior surgical history: Corpus callosotomy, shunt pl...",
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]
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